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Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 28Damage in Reinforced-Concrete Buildings During the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes(Asce-amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2014) Baran, Eray; Mertol, Halit Cenan; Gunes, BurcuTwo major earthquakes with magnitudes Mw=7.2 (ML=6.7) and ML=5.6 occurred in eastern Turkey on October 23 and November 19, 2011. The maximum measured peak ground accelerations for the two ground motions were 0.18g and 0.25g, respectively. The earthquakes resulted in various levels of damage to RC moment-resisting frame buildings ranging from minor cracking in brick partition walls to total collapse. This paper summarizes the field observations of the Atilim University Reconnaissance Team carried out in the region a few days after the two main shocks with an emphasis on the performance of RC buildings. A summary of the evolution of the Turkish seismic design code during the last 35 years is given, followed by an explanation of the behavior of RC buildings during the October 23 and November 9 earthquakes. The deformation types that were commonly observed in the heavily damaged or collapsed RC buildings include plastic hinging in columns attributable to stiffer beams, localization of damage in ground-story columns attributable to changes in the stiffness of the lateral load-resisting system caused by brick partition walls, and shear failure of columns caused by discontinuities in the partition walls adjacent to the columns. Poor concrete quality, inadequate development and lap splice length for reinforcement, and inadequate confinement in columns also contributed to the poor seismic behavior.Article Citation - WoS: 97Citation - Scopus: 111Flexural Behavior of Lightly and Heavily Reinforced Steel Fiber Concrete Beams(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Mertol, Halit Cenan; Baran, Eray; Bello, Hussain JibrilFlexural behavior of lightly and heavily reinforced steel fiber concrete beams was investigated. The test series consisted of 20 singly reinforced beams having 180 x 250 x 3500 mm dimensions. The main parameters in the testing program were the type of concrete and the amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Ten different longitudinal reinforcement ratios (with a minimum of 0.2% and a maximum of 2.5%) covering the range from under-reinforced to over-reinforced beam behavior were used in the testing program. Two specimens were cast for each longitudinal reinforcement ratio, one specimen using conventional concrete (CC) and another specimen using steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Load-deflection behaviors were obtained and evaluated in terms of ultimate load, ultimate deflection, service stiffness, post-peak stiffness, and flexural toughness. The results indicate that the use of SFRC increases the ultimate load and service stiffness of the beams slightly compared to that of CC specimens. As reinforcement ratio increases, the ultimate deflection of SFRC specimens becomes significantly greater than that of CC specimens. For over-reinforced sections, the post-peak stiffness of the SFRC specimens is observed to be significantly lower than that of CC specimens. The flexural toughness of SFRC specimens is greater than that of CC specimens with the difference being significantly larger for over-reinforced sections. Experimental load-deflection relationships were also compared to the load-deflection curves obtained from sectional analyses based on strain compatibility and best fit stress-strain relationships for SFRC in tension and compression. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 7Lessons Learned From Four Recent Turkish Earthquakes: Sivrice-Elazığ, Aegean Sea, and Dual Kahramanmaraş(Springer, 2024) Tunc, Goekhan; Mertol, Halit Cenan; Akis, TolgaT & uuml;rkiye is located in an earthquake-prone region where almost all of its population resides in risky areas. In the past 100 years, there has been a strong earthquake every two years and a major one every 3 years. This study investigates the impact of four recent earthquakes, that occurred between 2020 and 2023, on reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The first, Sivrice-Elaz & imath;& gbreve;, struck the eastern part of T & uuml;rkiye on January 24, 2020, with a moment magnitude of Mw = 6.8. The second, the Aegean Sea, hit the western part of the country on October 30, 2020, with an Mw of 6.6. The third and fourth are the February 6, 2023 dual Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes with Mws of 7.7 and 7.6, which struck the eastern part of T & uuml;rkiye approximately 9 h apart. Immediately following these earthquakes, a technical team investigated each of the damaged areas. This study summarizes their findings on RC buildings. It was discovered that the majority of the collapsed or severely damaged RC buildings were constructed before 2000. The main reasons for this included technological limitations, specifically on producing high-quality concrete, as well as a lack of public policies and enforced laws in the construction sector to maintain an acceptable international standard. Furthermore, the damage patterns of buildings from these four earthquakes indicated poor workmanship, low material quality, improper structural framing, a common appearance of soft and weak stories, the inadequate use of shear walls, and defective reinforcement configuration. The significance of soil studies and the enforcement of building inspections are also discussed, along with the earthquake codes. The study concludes that the maximum peak ground accelerations from the dual Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes were almost triple the code-prescribed values. Therefore, it is recommended that the current mapped spectral acceleration values be revised and that buildings constructed before 2000 should be prioritized while determining their structural performances.Article Citation - WoS: 19Citation - Scopus: 19Interaction Between Assembled 3d Honeycomb Cells Produced From High Density Polyethylene and a Cohesionless Soil(Sage Publications Ltd, 2012) Gurbuz, Ayhan; Mertol, Halit CenanAssembled 3D high-density polyethylene honeycomb cells, providing confinement to arrest spreading of the soil in cells and creating relatively stiff bed that redistributes footing pressure over wider area, were used in the present study to enhance load-carrying capacity and to reduce settlement of base materials under a foundation. The effects of various test parameters including width, height, number of layers of the 3D honeycomb cells, vertical distance between layers of the cells and depth of stress zone of the foundation were studied. The test results indicated that considerable improvement in the load-carrying capacity (congruent to 3.0) and reduction in settlement of the foundation (congruent to 62%) were obtained with the implementation of the single layer of the 3D cells into cohesionless soils. The optimum effective distance between two layers of the 3D cells was 0.142 times the width of foundation, the ratio of effective width of 3D cells to the foundation was about 4.2 and the depth of influence stress zone of the foundation was about two times the width of the foundation.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 4A Site Survey of Damaged Rc Buildings in Izmir After the Aegean Sea Earthquake on October 30, 2020(Croatian Soc Civil Engineers-hsgi, 2023) Mertol, Halit Cenan; Tunc, Gokhan; Akis, TolgaAn earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 6.6 and a depth of approximately 16.5 km occurred on 30 October 2020 off the cost of Samos, a Greek island 35 km southwest of Seferihisar, a town in Izmir. The earthquake caused several collapses and severe structural damage in approximately 6,000 buildings, specifically in the Bayrakli District in Izmir Bay. This paper presents the observations and findings of a technical team that visited the earthquake -affected areas immediately after the earthquake. Eleven partially or fully collapsed and several severely damaged reinforced concrete buildings were investigated. Based on the site investigations, we observed that almost all of the collapsed or severely damaged reinforced concrete buildings in the region were built between 1975 and 2000. Site observations also confirmed that the construction of these collapsed or damaged buildings did not conform to the requirements outlined in the Turkish Earthquake Codes used at the time. The failures and severe damage to buildings in earthquake-affected areas are primarily related to inadequate reinforcement configuration, poor material quality, the absence of geotechnical studies, and framing problems related to their lateral load-carrying systems. Therefore, it is recommended that all the buildings located in and around Izmir Bay, particularly those built between 1975 and 2000, be structurally evaluated to prevent any further loss of life and property during future earthquakes.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 6Experimental Analysis of the Behavior of Composite Column-Reinforced Concrete Beam Joints(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Tunc, Gokhan; Dakhil, Abdulrrahman; Mertol, Halit CenanThis study assesses the seismic performance of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) composite columns connected to reinforced concrete (RC) beam joints, and their ability to dissipate seismic energy through inelastic deformations. In this article, experimental aspects regarding the seismic performance of high-ductility and low-ductility steel-concrete composite frame were investigated. The principle design parameter in this study was ductility, which is considered a conceptual framework in Efficiency-Based Seismic Engineering. Thus, attention was focused on assuring various ductility ranges of joints obtained through a detailed study of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC 18) [Ministry of Public Works and Housing.: Turkiye Bina Deprem Yonetmeligi (Turkey's Earthquake Code for Buildings). Official Gazette (2018) (in Turkish).]. After identifying deficiencies and the energy dissipation capacity in the newly proposed joints, two half-scaled frames with specific ductility-related designs were constructed, instrumented, tested, and analyzed. The specimens were tested under displacement-controlled lateral cyclic loading that incorporated constant axial loading to create cyclic tension and compression facets across the joint areas. The test results proved that the SRC column-RC beam frames employing an extra column reinforcement ratio exhibit slightly better seismic performance. Due to the presence of structural steel, the shear failure of the joint was effectively prevented, even after the formation of the plastic hinge on the interface of the beam. During the testing, the column rebars, to some extent, made a minor contribution to the joint strength of the specimen compared to the structural steel that absorbed almost all of the load applied to the frame.Master Thesis Betonarme Yapıların Tasarımı için Özel Yük ve Direnç Katsayılarının Geliştirilmesi(2021) Elosta, Ibrahım; Mertol, Halit CenanBetonarme yapıların tasarımında kullanılan mevcut yük ve direnç (dayanım) katsayıları bu yüzyıldan önce geliştirilmiştir. Geçmişten gelen bu katsayıların kullanılması, daha iyi kalite kontrolüne sahip malzemeler ve daha iyi tahminlere sahip yükler kullanılarak inşa edilen betonarme yapıların tasarımını günümüzde önemli ölçüde cezalandırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mevcut malzemeler (beton ve çelik) ile ilgili istatistiksel verileri (bias ve kovaryans) ve yük tahminlerini (ölü, canlı vb.) kullanarak istenilen hedef güvenilirlik endeksine göre yük ve dayanım (direnç) katsayılarını belirleyen bir araç geliştirmektir. Birinci Derece İkinci Moment Moment (BDİM) ve Monte Carlo Simülasyonu (MSC) yapısal güvenilirlik modelleri olarak kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Farklı göçme modları için direnç (dayanım) parametrelerini belirlemek için ilk yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu direnç parametreleri güvenilirlik indeksi değerlerini belirlemek için MCS Metodu kullanılarak 20 milyon rastgele değişken kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak, betonarme elemanlar tasarlamak için özel yük ve direnç katsayılarını belirlemek için Microsoft Excel Yazılımı kullanılarak bir program geliştirilmiştir. Bu programı kullanılarak, direnç (dayanım), zati ve hareketli yük verileri kullanılarak kiriş ve kolon elemanlarının göçme modlarına ve hedef güvenilirlik indekslerine göre, kendi projeniz için özel yük katsayıları seçilebilmektedir.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 7Finite Element Analysis of Frames With Reinforced Concrete Encased Steel Composite Columns(Mdpi, 2022) Tunc, Gokhan; Othman, Mohammed Moatasem; Mertol, Halit CenanStructural frame systems that consists of concrete-encased-steel-embedded composite columns and reinforced concrete beams are typically used in mid-rise to tall buildings. In order to understand their overall structural behavior, a total of 12 frame models with high and low ductility features were constructed and analyzed using LS-DYNA software. Two of these models were validated using the results of previously tested frames. The remaining 10 models were studied to predict the behavior of frames with varying concrete strengths, reinforcement configurations, and structural steel sections under vertical and lateral loads. The results were investigated in terms of cracks and failure patterns, load-deflection relationships, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation. The analytical results indicated that the high ductile frame models showed slightly better lateral load carrying performances compared to low ductility frame models. Moreover, the analytical studies demonstrated that the existence of structural steel in a column, regardless of its cross-sectional shape, was the most important parameter in improving the lateral load carrying capacity of a frame.Master Thesis Farklı Katmanlarda Normal ve Çelik Lifli Beton Kullanılan Betonarme Kirişlerin Eğilme Davranışı(2015) Faeq, Mohammed Nozad Faeq; Mertol, Halit Cenan; Baran, ErayBu çalışmada farklı katmanlarda normal ve çelik lifli beton kullanılan betonarme kirişlerin eğilme davranışı incelenmiştir. 180×250×3500 mm boyutlarındaki beşer numuneden oluşan iki grup şeklindeki kirişler dört nokta eğilme yüklemesi altında test edilmiştir. İki grup kirişte de 416 betonarme çeliği kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmadaki ana değişken, kiriş numunelerinin yüksekliği boyunca bulunan katmanlarda kullanılan beton tipidir. Kiriş numunelerinin kesit yüksekliği 50'şer mm kalınlığında 5 katmana ayrılmıştır. 'F' grubu numunelerde, normal beton katmanlarından oluşan kirişlere, aşağıdan başlayarak, çelik lifli beton katmanlar eklenmiştir. 'P' grubu numunelerde ise çelik lifli beton katmanları kesit üst seviyesinden başlanarak eklenmiştir. Yükleme deneyleri sonucunda kiriş numunelerinin yük-deformasyon davranışları elde edilmiş ve bu davranışlar yük taşıma kapasitesi, servis rijitliği, kapasite sonrası eğim ve tokluk paratmeleri göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kiriş numunlerinin yük-deformasyon davranışlarının, literatürde bulunan malzeme modelleri kullanılarak sayısal olarak belirlenmesi için analitik bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.Master Thesis Kompozit Kolon-betonarme Kiriş Birleşim Bölgelerinin Deneysel Analizle Davranışının Belirlenmesi(2020) Dakhıl, Abdulrrahman A.; Tunç, Gökhan; Mertol, Halit CenanBu tezde, yüksek ve sınırlı süneklik düzeylerine sahip çelik-betonarme kompozit çerçevelerin deprem performansları deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışma ile SRC kolon ve betonarme kiriş kompozit birleşim bölgelerinin depreme karşı davranış ve hasar görebilirlik özelliği ile bu birleşim bölgelerinin deprem enerjisini elastik olmayan deplasmanlar yardımı ile soğurabilme yeteneği araştırılmış ve konu detaylı olarak irdelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, akademik kaynak taraması yapılarak kolon-kiriş bağlantısının tasarımı ve davranışı için yeni bir bakış açısı elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tez çalışmasında verimlilik esasına dayalı deprem mühendisliği kavramı çerçevesinde kullanılan temel tasarım parametresi ise sünekliktir. Bu çalışma ile yürürlükteki Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği (TBDY 2018) uyarınca detayları elde edilen kompozit kolon-kiriş bağlantılarının tasarım gereği ihtiyaç duyulan değişken süneklik taleplerine göre davranışının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Kolon-kiriş bağlantılarındaki eksikliklerin ve enerji soğurma kapasitelerinin belirlenmesini müteakip, ½ ölçek oranındaki çerçeveler belirlenen süneklik hedeflerine uygun olarak tasarlanmış, deneysel ölçüm cihazları yerleştirilerek, testleri ve analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerde, bağlantı noktalarına deplasman kontrollü yatay tersinir çekme ve basınç kuvvetleri ile sabit eksenel yük uygulanmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılan parametreler ise şunlardır: kolon donatı oranı, bağlantı ebat oranı, eksenel yük ve yatay tersinir yükler. Yapılan deneyler neticesinde SRC kolon-betonarme kirişlerden oluşan çerçevelerde ilave kolon donatı miktarlarının deprem davranışını olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür.
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