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Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 5Enhancing Urban Sustainability With Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines: a Study on Residential Buildings in Çeşme(Mdpi, 2025) Saleh, Yousif Abed Saleh; Durak, Murat; Turhan, CihanThis study investigates the integration of three types of vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs)-helical, IceWind, and a combined design-on residential buildings in & Ccedil;e & scedil;me, T & uuml;rkiye, a region with an average wind speed of 7 m/s. The research explores the potential of small-scale wind turbines in urban areas, providing sustainable solutions for renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on conventional energy sources. The turbines were designed and analyzed using SolidWorks and ANSYS Fluent, achieving power outputs of 350 W for the helical turbine, 430 W for the IceWind turbine, and 590 W for the combined turbine. A total of 42 turbines were mounted on a five-storey residential building model, and DesignBuilder software was utilized to simulate and evaluate the energy consumption. The baseline energy consumption of 172 kWh/m2 annually was reduced by 18.45%, 22.93%, and 30.88% for the helical, IceWind, and combined turbines, respectively. Furthermore, the economic analysis showed payback periods of 12.89 years for the helical turbine, 10.60 years for the IceWind turbine, and 10.49 years for the combined turbine. These findings emphasize the viability of integrating VAWTs into urban buildings as an effective strategy for reducing energy consumption, lowering costs, and enhancing energy efficiency.Conference Object Mold Growth Affecting the Achievement of NZEB in the Long Term in Tropical Climates(Free University of Bozen Bolzano, 2025) Carpino, Cristina; Austin, Miguel Chen; Turhan, Cihan; Mora, Dafni Y.; Arcuri, N.The net-zero energy concept significantly impacts global goals regarding energy accessibility (SDG 7) and responsible consumption (SDG 12), particularly in the building sector, which accounts for substantial energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. While extensive research on Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) has focused on the global north, tropical regions require further study, where high solar radiation, temperatures, and humidity challenge building performance throughout the year. Addressing problems like mold growth caused by these tropical climate aspects can undermine NZEB's performance. This study aims to evaluate the impact of mold growth on a representative building under the tropical climate of Panama City (high temperatures and humidity) and Boquete (low temperatures and high humidity). Long-term hygrothermal and energy performance analyses are conducted using simulation software to assess when and how mold growth affects building performance. Mold can harm the health of occupants and increase energy consumption, as additional humidity control devices may be required after the building's design phase. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Master Thesis İnsan Vücudu Ekserji Tüketimini Öngörmek için Yapay Sinir Ağlarının Kullanılması(2022) Yousıf, Yousıf Layth; Turhan, Cihan; Turhan, Cihan; Turhan, Cihan; Lotfısadıgh, Bahram; Energy Systems Engineering; Energy Systems EngineeringAmerikan Isıtma, Soğutma ve Ġklimlendirme Mühendisleri Derneği (ASHRAE), termal konforu 'ısıl çevre ile mutluluk veren zihin durumu' olarak tanımlar. Enerji ve Madde bir sistem olarak dağılabilir ve çevreleriyle dengeye doğru hareket edebilir ve buna termodinamikte ekserji denir. Tahmini Ortalama Oy (PMV)/Öngörülen Memnuniyetsizlik Yüzdesi (PPD) modeli ve uyarlanabilir termal konfor yaklaşımı, termal konforu değerlendirmek için en yaygın kullanılan iki yöntemdir. ekserji kavramını termal konforun bir indeksi olarak insan vücudu sistemine uygulayın. Bir kişinin ekserji dengesi ile termal konfor seviyeleri arasındaki ilişki, vücuttan ısı ve suyu etkili bir şekilde dağıtmanın insan refahı için gerekli olmasıdır. Bu nedenle , en düşük insan vücudu ekserji tüketim oranı çoğunlukla optimum termal konfor seviyesini verir.Bu tezde Yapay Zeka tabanlı bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Ekserji ve termal konfor açısından en iyi koşulu elde etmek için, Atılım Üniversitesi'nin Mühendislik Fakültesi binasında içinde bir kiş olan bir odada deneyler yapılmıştır. Ġnsan vücudunun ekserji tüketimi bir bilgisayar programı aracılığıyla çıkarılmakta ve çevresel parametreler objektif sensörler ile ölçülmektedir. Daha sonra Python ortamında bir Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA) modeli geliştirilmiştir. vi Sinir ağı tekniğinde bir geri yayılım ve sigmoid işlevi kullanılır. YSA modeline toplam 133 veri dahil edilmiş olup, verilerin 75% yani 99 veri seti eğitim ve geri kalanı test için kullanılmıştır. Sağlanan koşullar altında 1,98'lik bir Ortalama Mutlak Yüzdelik Hatası (MAPE) ve 0,91'lik bir doğru tahmin oranı (R2) bulunur ve bu, yapay sinir ağı modeli çıktıları ile insan vücudu ekserji verileri arasında iyi bir koordinasyon olduğunu gösterir. Basitlik, analiz hızı ve kısıtlı veri kümelerinden öğrenme, insan vücudu ekserji simülasyonu üzerindeki bir YSA modelinin avantajı olarak gösterilebilir. Bu tez, insanların ne kadar ekserji oranı tükettiğini (HBExC) belirlemek için bir YSA modeli kullanan yeni bir konsept sunmaktadır. Bunun nedeni, yapay sinir ağlarının (YSA) bina ve termal konfor alanlarında en yaygın olarak kullanılan yapay zeka tekniği olmasıdır. Sonuçta, doğrusal olmayan değişkenlerin etkileşimlerini, özellikle değişkenleri arasında karmaşık doğrusal olmayan ilişkilere sahip olan ekserji kavramını hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde ele alabilirler.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Integrating Personalized Thermal Comfort Devices for Energy-Efficient and Occupant-Centric Buildings(Mdpi, 2025) Turhan, Cihan; Carpino, CristinaPersonalized thermal comfort (PTC) systems aim to satisfy the individual thermal preferences of occupants rather than relying on average comfort indices. With the growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing energy consumption in buildings, energy efficiency has become a critical factor in the design and selection of PTC systems. While the development of PTC tools has accelerated in the last decade, selecting the most appropriate system remains a challenge due to the dynamic, uncertain, and multi-dimensional nature of the decision-making process. This study introduces a novel application of the KEMIRA-M multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to identify the optimal PTC system for university office buildings-an area with limited prior investigation. A case study is conducted in a naturally ventilated office space located in a temperate climate zone. Eight distinct PTC alternatives are evaluated, including data-driven HVAC systems, wearable devices, and localized conditioning units. Six key criteria are considered: estimated energy consumption, capital cost, indoor and outdoor space requirements, system complexity, mobility, and energy efficiency. The results indicate that wearable wristbands, which condition the occupant's carpus area, offer the most balanced performance across criteria, while radiant ceiling/floor systems perform the poorest. Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in this evaluation, as it directly impacts both the operational cost and the environmental footprint of the system. The study's findings provide a structured and adaptable framework for HVAC engineers and designers to integrate PTC systems into occupant-centric and energy-efficient building designs.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 6The Importance of the Calculation of Angle Factors To Determine the Mean Radiant Temperature in Temperate Climate Zone: a University Office Building Case(Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Ozbey, Mehmet Furkan; Turhan, CihanThermal comfort depends on four environmental (air velocity, relative humidity, air temperature, mean radiant temperature) and two personal (clothing insulation and metabolic rate) parameters. Among all parameters, the mean radiant temperature (t(r)) is the most problematic variable in thermal comfort studies due to its complexity. Measurement methods, calculation methods and assumptions are mostly used to obtain the t(r). Researchers mainly prefer to obtain the t(r) via measurement methods or assumptions due to their easiness compared to the calculation methods. Besides, some researchers use constant values of angle factors in calculation methods. However, using constant values is not proper for every indoor environment, and it causes wrong estimations in the t(r) and thus the thermal comfort. This paper gives the importance of calculation of angle factors, with an example of a university office building in temperate climate zone, according to the ISO 7726. The angle factors of the room were calculated for a seated occupant from the centre of gravity in three different locations and compared with the constant angle factors. The results indicate that a significant difference (MAPE of 1.02) was found in the t(r) values, which were obtained by calculation of constant values of angle factors.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 6A Team-Oriented Course Development Experience in Distance Education for Multidisciplinary Engineering Design(Wiley, 2022) Say, Bilge; Erden, Zühal; Erden, Zuhal; Turhan, Cihan; Turhan, Cihan; Say, Bilge; Erden, Zühal; Turhan, Cihan; Say, Bilge; Energy Systems Engineering; Software Engineering; Mechatronics Engineering; Energy Systems Engineering; Mechatronics Engineering; Software EngineeringBased on the multidisciplinary needs of today's complex and innovative technology, accreditation bodies of engineering demand proof of multidisciplinary teamwork in undergraduate engineering curricula. This article reports the design and conduct of a Multidisciplinary Engineering Design (MED) course initiated as a result of accreditation process requirements. The course, which consists of multidisciplinary lectures, practice sessions, and various phases of a multidisciplinary team project, was conducted online because of the COVID-19 pandemic by a multidisciplinary team of instructors using multiple software tools to enhance collaboration. In general, the course outcomes were satisfied under the current design, and several points for further improvement and elaboration were collected via quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Accordingly, the results show that the project-based and team-based MED course, in terms of multidisciplinary course management and its outcomes, can benefit from the use of software tools in creating a multidisciplinary team in distance education by means of enhanced cooperation and motivation among the participants.Master Thesis Bir Eğitim Binasının Termal Konfor İncelenmesi ve Güçlendirilmesi Stratejileri(2022) Rashıd, Sanarya Ghazı Rashıd; Turhan, CihanBinaların, küresel sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından en büyük enerji tüketicilerinden biri olduğu bilinmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmeler çevre dostu binaların inşasına aktif olarak yardımcı olsa da, mevcut binalar da önemli miktarda enerji tüketiyor. En önemli yapı türlerinden biri de inceleyeceğimiz eğitimdir. Gelecek nesillere kaliteli bir eğitim verebilmek için kaliteli okul yapılarına sahip olunması gerekmektedir. Binayı birçok faktör etkilerken, ısıl konfor öğrencileri etkileyen en etkili faktördür. Termal konfor, bir insanın termal çevresi ile olan zevkini ifade eder. Hoş bir termal ortam, fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığı destekler. Bu çalışma, bu faktörü dikkate almakta ve tasarımı yeniden inşa etmeden farklı iyileştirmeler ekleyerek eğitim binalarında ısıl konforu iyileştirme potansiyelini incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Halihazırda mevcut bir binanın analiz modeli Atılım Üniversitesi, Ankara Design Builder yazılımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. İlk olarak orijinal kasa binası üzerinde simülasyon yapılmıştır. Daha sonra binanın modifiye edilmiş kasaları üzerinde, toplamda yedi kasa simülasyonu yapılmıştır. pencere ve çerçeve tiplerini değiştirmeyi, bir Trombe duvarı eklemeyi içerir. Yalıtım malzemesinin her seferinde üç farklı malzeme ile değiştirilmesi, güneş kollektörü eklenmesi, ayarlanan sıcaklık ve hava sızdırmazlığının değiştirilmesi ve ışık sistemlerinin led tipine dönüştürülmesi. Model, yıllık enerji tüketimi için simüle edilmiş ve sonuçlar kaydedilmiştir Bu, ilk vi güçlendirme senaryosu seçeneğiydi. Bina yöneliminin revizyonunu dikkate alan teorik bir yeniden tasarım senaryosu da oluşturuldu. Vakalar arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmış ve çalışma, hava sızdırmazlığının hiçbir vakadan etkilenmediğini, öğrenci ısıl konforu için en etkili durumun ise öğrenci rahatsızlık saatlerini %17 azaltan Taşyünü yalıtım malzemesi uygulaması olduğunu göstermiştir. CO2 emisyonlarını azaltmak ve enerji tüketimini azaltmak için en etkili olurken, hava sızdırmazlığı hiçbir durumdan etkilenmedi. ve güneş kollektörü uygulamak en pahalı durumdu.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Hardware-In Assessment of a Fault Tolerant Fuzzy Control Scheme for an Offshore Wind Farm Simulator(Elsevier, 2022) Simani, Silvio; Farsoni, Saverio; Turhan, CihanTo enhance both the safety and the efficiency of offshore wind park systems, faults must be accommodated in their earlier occurrence, in order to avoid costly unplanned maintenance. Therefore, this paper aims at implementing a fault tolerant control strategy by means of a data-driven approach relying on fuzzy logic. In particular, fuzzy modelling is considered here as it enables to approximate unknown nonlinear relations, while managing uncertain measurements and disturbance. On the other hand, the model of the fuzzy controller is directly estimated from the input-output signals acquired from the wind farm system, with fault tolerant capabilities. In general, the use of purely nonlinear relations and analytic methods would require more complex design tools. The design is therefore enhanced by the use of fuzzy model prototypes obtained via a data-driven approach, thus representing the key point if real-time solutions have to implement the proposed fault tolerant control strategy. Finally, a high-fidelity simulator relying on a hardware-in-the-loop tool is exploited to verify and validate the reliability and robustness characteristics of the developed methodology also for on-line and more realistic implementations. Copyright (C) 2022 The Authors.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 5Impact of Green Wall and Roof Applications on Energy Consumption and Thermal Comfort for Climate Resilient Buildings(Mdpi, 2025) Turhan, Cihan; Carpino, Cristina; Austin, Miguel Chen; Ozbey, Mehmet Furkan; Akkurt, Gulden GokcenNowadays, reducing energy consumption and obtaining thermal comfort are significant for making educational buildings more climate resilient, more sustainable, and more comfortable. To achieve these goals, a sustainable passive method is that of applying green walls and roofs that provide extra thermal insulation, evaporative cooling, a shadowing effect, and the blockage of wind on buildings. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of green wall and roof applications on energy consumption and thermal comfort in an educational building. For this purpose, a university building in the Csb climate zone is selected and monitored during one year, as a case study. Then, the case building is modelled in a well-calibrated dynamic building energy simulation tool and twenty-one different plant species, which are mostly used for green walls and roofs, are applied to the envelope of the building in order to determine a reduction in energy consumption and an increase in thermal comfort. The Hedera canariensis gomera (an ivy species) plant is used for green walls due to its aesthetic appeal, versatility, and functional benefits while twenty-one different plants including Ophiopogon japonicus (Mando-Grass), Phyllanthus bourgeoisii (Waterfall Plant), and Phoenix roebelenii (Phoenix Palm) are simulated for the green roof applications. The results show that deploying Hedera canariensis gomera to the walls and Phyllanthus bourgeoisii to the roof could simultaneously reduce the energy consumption by 9.31% and increase thermal comfort by 23.55% in the case building. The authors acknowledge that this study is solely based on simulations due to the high cost of all scenarios, and there are inherent differences between simulated and real-world conditions. Therefore, the future work will be analysing scenarios in real life. Considering the limited studies on the effect of different plant species on energy performance and comfort, this study also contributes to sustainable building design strategies.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 24Thermal Comfort Analysis of Historical Mosques. Case Study: the Ulu Mosque, Manisa, Turkey(Elsevier Science Sa, 2021) Diler, Yusuf; Turhan, Cihan; Arsan, Zeynep Durmus; Akkurt, Gulden GokcenMosques are sanctuary places for Muslims where they can perform their religious activities and also can communicate with each other. On the other hand, historical mosques may contain artworks which have cultural heritage values. These mosques originally have not any Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning systems. For this reason, obtaining thermal comfort becomes a significant issue. In this study, a systematic approach on monitoring and evaluating thermal comfort of historical mosques were developed. As a case study, The Ulu Mosque, Manisa/Turkey was monitored from 2015 to 2018, and thermal comfort evaluation of the mosque was conducted during prayer times based on the method provided by ISO 7730. A dynamic Building Energy Performance Software, DesignBuilder, was used to model the mosque, and the model was calibrated by using hourly indoor temperature data. The calibrated model was then used to evaluate existing conditions of the mosque and develop retrofitting scenarios in order to increase thermal comfort of prayers. Thirteen different scenarios were proposed to improve thermal comfort of prayers during worship periods. The results were evaluated according to EN 16883 for conservation of cultural heritage of the mosque. Electrical radiator heating with intermittent operating schedules was obtained as the best scenario to protect cultural heritage via artworks, while decreasing disssatisfaction level of the prayers from 45% to 10% in winter months. Additionally, intermittent operation saved 46.9% of energy compared to continuous operating schedule. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
