Projeler

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/26

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Preparation Of Magnetic Nanoparticles Which Enable The Use Of 18f-fdg As Multi-modal İmaging Agents İn Pet-mrı Applications/18f-fdg Nin Pet-mr Görüntüleme Uygulamalarında Multi-modal Görüntüleme Ajanı Olarak Kullanılmasına Yönelik Manyetik Nanoparçacıkların Hazırlanması
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
It is becoming increasingly evident that PET-MRI multi-modal imaging systems have great potential in practical medicine and for basic scientific research. Consequently there is a wide interest in developing proper imaging agents for these applications. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are already, extensively, being used as MRI contrast agents. The labeling of these nanoparticles with radioactive isotopes provides a new generation for MRI agents. Combination of the required properties, in the body of the same sample for both measurement techniques, ensures that both images are coming from the same spot and simultaneously. This approach provides more accurate and reliable data for diagnosis and treatment of the illness. One of the candidates of the applicable radioactive isotopes is 18F, an easily available one and is being produced in our country. However its chemical binding to delivery agents requires several steps of exhaustive chemical treatments. A laboratory/firm which tends to fabricate iron oxide nanoparticles labeled with 18F should reconstruct a new manufacturing plant, which needs a laborious and a quite expensive operation. Instead, a new process, which can convert already available PET contrast agents into PET-MRI agents without requiring any special expertise, would be more practical and economical.
Alan Özelinde Sosyalleştirme Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Etkili Ebeveynlik: Annenin Duygusal Erişilebilirliği ile Gelişimsel Çocuk Çıktıları Arasındaki İlişki
01. Atılım University
This study aims to examine effective parenting within the framework of the domains-of_x0002_socialization approach. Three separate studies were carried out. In the first study, Domain_x0002_Specific Parenting Interview (DSPI) was developed to measure parenting quality in different socialization domains and its psychometric properties were examined. The deductive content analysis of the DSPI was carried out in the second study. In the third study, the replicability of the first study was tested, the interactions between different socialization domains were examined qualitatively, and the relations of mothers' knowledge on effective parenting and the quality of their parenting behaviors with developmental child outcomes were examined. The participants of the first study consisted of 82 mothers with children between 35-76 months. The participants of the second study consisted of 50 mothers, which were randomly selected from the data set of the first study. The participants of the third study consisted of 141 mothers and fathers, who have children aged between 47-72 months. The findings of the first study provided evidence that DSPI is a valid and reliable measurement tool. The qualitative findings of the second study showed that the domains-of-socialization approach and the daily life interactions of mother-child dyads were mostly consistent. The third study showed that the quality of parenting behaviors in different socialization domains were related to various child outcomes through emotion regulation and inhibitory control.
Çinko Borat Üretim Teknolojisinin Geliştirilmesi ve Alev Geciktirici Olarak Kullanım Alanlarının Araştırılması
01. Atılım University
Within the scope of the project, 3.5 moles of crystalline aqueous zinc borate synthesis was made in a batch and continuous system, and the zinc borate produced was used in the production of polymer composites. Pilot production of zinc borate, which was synthesized within the scope of the project and whose optimum production parameters were determined, was carried out and the optimum values of the pilot production processes were determined. Zinc borate, whose pilot production has been successfully completed, is used as a fire retardant in wood and plastics. The industrialization of the pilot product was completed by transferring the production right to the private sector.
(tr)ultrasonik Titreşim Destekli Frezelemenin Işlenmesi Zor Süper Alaşım Havacılık Malzemelerinde Nanoakışkan Minimum Miktar Yağlama Yöntemi ile Birlikte Incelenmesi/(eng)ınvestigation On The Effects Of Multi-axis Ultrasonic Vibration-assisted Milling With Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication On Difficult-to-cut Materials Used İn Aerospace Industries
Mechanical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
Due to the desired material properties in the aerospace sector, Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 superalloys are commonly utilized. However, due to properties such as low thermal conductivity, high chemical interaction tendency, and resistance to wear, these materials pose significant challenges in machining processes, often characterized as "difficult-to-cut" materials. This project aims to experimentally investigate the combined use of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Machining (UVAM) and Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL) techniques to improve the machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 superalloys, which are difficult-to-cut materials commonly employed in the aerospace sector. Within this scope, various cooling methods including conventional machining with UVAM, dry cutting with NMMY, conventional cutting fluid, and pure-MQL are comparatively studied, and the obtained results are analyzed. Three different nanofluids, namely Al2O3, CuO, and Al2O3-CuO (hybrid), are prepared and utilized in experiments when employing the NMMY technique. Machining performance criteria are determined as cutting forces, surface roughness, surface topography, surface texture, geometric accuracy, tool wear, and subsurface plastic deformation measurements. According to the results obtained, it is found that when UVAM and NMMY techniques are used together, the combination yields the highest efficiency in machining performance compared to other methods for both Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 materials. Furthermore, among the NMMY conditions, the hybrid (Al2O3-CuO) usage provides the best results, followed generally by CuO and then Al2O3 added nanofluids. Based on the information and data obtained in this project, it is clearly evident that the yet underutilized UVAM and NMMY techniques, both separately and together, can be applied more efficiently in milling Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 materials compared to traditional methods. This is anticipated to contribute to the aerospace manufacturing sector.
Kişiselleştirilmiş ve Modüler Sosyal Robot Tasarımı İçin Yazılım Platformu Geliştirilmesi ve Uygulanması
Mechatronics Engineering; 15. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
In this project, it is aimed to develop an interactive and conceptual design platform that can be used to develop personalized and modular social robots with the participatory design method and to apply it to physical robot models that serve as technology demonstrations.
Synthesis, Characterization And Applications Of Various Aromatic Polythioureas Via Multicomponent Polymerization/çok Bileşenli Polimerizasyon Yöntemi ile Farklı Aromatik Politiyoürelerin Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu ve Uygulamaları
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
In recent years, multicomponent polymerization (MCP) method has attracted the attention of researchers due to its simple operation, high atom economy, high polymerization efficiency and high molecular weight of polymers without using catalyst under moderate conditions. In the MCP method used in the synthesis of different polythioamides and polythioureas, one of the reactants is aliphatic amines and aromatic amines are not used directly. Due to this reason, in polythioamide syntheses, it is seen that aromatic diamines do not react with alkynes in the presence of elemental sulfur and therefore they are converted firstly to aromatic diisocyanides and this increases the cost of synthesis. There is no study on the use of aromatic diamines directly in the synthesis of polythioureas. In the light of this information, it is aimed to use the MCP method which is thought to be an economic and effective method for the use of elemental sulfur and aromatic diamine directly to obtain well defined, functional and workable polymeric structures without using catalyst in the project. In the MCP method, diisocyanides which are more reactive than the dialkyne reactant used previously will be used. The reactivity of diisocyanides to aromatic amines was supported by literature data and preliminary studies performed by our group. In addition, elemental sulfur, one of the most abundant elements in the world, is a non-toxic and stable solid under normal conditions and is an inexpensive substance that is readily available even at high purity grades. The use of aromatic diamines directly with elemental sulfur is very interesting in terms of practical, cost-effective and synthetic compatibility. With the use of aromatic diamines in the MCP method, the gateway for the synthesis of different polythioureas will be further expanded. For this purpose, the synthesis of 10 different polythioureas shown below will be carried out and characterization of the obtained products (NMR, FTIR, GPC, SEM, UV-Vis, DSC, TGA) will be performed. The data obtained will be examined comparatively with the methods used before for the synthesis of polythioureas. Due to today's polluted environment and limited energy reserves, it becomes important to develop highly efficient renewable technologies, green energy sources and environmentally friendly methods for environmental remediation and energy production. In this direction, hydrogen production becomes so important in the field of energy. In addition, the removal of heavy metals found in nature and organic matter in waste water is of great importance in environmental remediation. From this point of view, the preparation of nanocatalysts that will allow hydrogen production and removal of organic substances and materials that provide heavy metal removal attracts the attention of scientists. Thanks to the thiourea functional groups in the structure of different polythioureas to be synthesized by the MCP method, it can be used in mercury treatment (due to the ability of the thiourea groups and mercury ions to be complex) as well as to be used as support materials for the production of silver, palladium and copper nanoparticles. In this respect, firstly mercury removal capacity of the prepared polymers will be investigated. Then, the polymer-metal nanoparticle hybrid materials (4 different structures, polymer/AuNPs, polymer/AgNPs, polymer/CuNPs and polymer/PdNPs)) will be obtained by adding gold, silver, copper and palladium nanoparticles (separately) onto the polymer having the highest metal ion-holding capacity. The stability, catalytic activity and the effect of the interaction on the catalytic activity of the polymer/metal nanoparticle hybrid materials will be investigated in hydrogeneration from amine borane and photocatalytical removal of dye molecules founded in waste waters, respectively.
Dolgu Maddesi Eklenmesiyle İletken Polimer Kompozitlerinin Hazırlanması
01. Atılım University
Within the scope of the project, conductive polymer composites with uniform filler distribution were produced by mixing thermoplastic polymers and carbon-based conductive fillers in molten form. Electrical, mechanical, thermal and morphological characterization of the produced composites were carried out. In the project experiments, conductive polymer composites of different compositions were prepared by mixing high-density polyethylene (HDPE), Nylon 6, Polypropylene (PP), Poly(ethylene thermthalate) (PET) polymer matrices, carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotube particles in a twin-screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using pressure and injection molding devices. The electrical properties of the samples were determined using two- and four-point probe conductivity measurement methods. During the mechanical characterization processes, tensile and impact strength tests were applied to the composites. Thermal properties were examined using DSC (diffrential scanning calorimetry) device. Morphological features were examined by SEM (scanning electron microscope). The electrical conductivity of insulating thermoplastic polymers has been reduced to the semiconductor level. The lowest critical concentration value (0.25% carbon nanotube by weight) was obtained in the PET-carbon nanotube composite system. The mechanical properties of composites have changed with the addition of fillers. The best improvement in mechanical properties was observed in PP-based composites. In general, as the amount of filler in the composites increased, the percentage of crystallization decreased.
Low Temperature Behavior Of Hma And Sma Mixtures/tas Mastik Asfalt ve Bitümlü Sıcak Karısımların Düsük Sıcaklık Altındaki Davranısı
01. Atılım University
Low temperature cracks in asphalt concrete pavements are commonly seen in the East, interior, and west interior Anatolian regions of turkey where air temperature falls below -20 °C, or so low that the developed thermal stress exceeds the thermal strength of asphalt concrete and causes cracks. Low temperature cracking reduces the roadway's driving comfort by the increased surface roughness due to fracture, leading to the seepage of melting snow and rainfall water into the subgradethrough the surface cracks and causing loss of bearing capacity). Combined with the disruption caused by traffic loading, low temperature cracking weakens the structural integrity of the pavement and eventually increases roadway maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Low temperature cracking is one of the main reasons for pavement deterioration, ranked as the second factor in roadway maintenance and repair costs in the Northern regions (Figure 1). Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) has been widely used in turkey highways, it provides stone-on-stone contact and high asphalt content that can increase a pavement’s durability and resistance to rutting and reduce noise. However, drainage of binder and higher primary costs could be mentioned of its disadvantages. Since there is no consensus about the performance of SMA at low temperature, conducting a comprehensive study with different tests on the performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt at low temperatures would be beneficial. This project aims at characterizing the low temperature behavior of the Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) and HMA in terms of gradation type,aggregate and asphalt type. Upon completing this proposed project, low temperature performance of SMA would be investigated, and a significant contribution will be provided to achieve long lasting pavements without frequent maintenance and rehabilitation. It is believed that the research outcomes will contribute to the national and international knowledge considering the fact that there is only a limited study available in the literature on low temperature performance of SMA.
Elektrokatalitik Amonyak Üretimi için Ce Katkılı Lafeo3 Perovskit Malzemesinin Geliştirilmesi
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
Ammonia is the second most produced chemical worldwide, which has a wide range of uses in the production of cleaning products, nitrogen-containing chemicals and explosives in sectors such as energy, cooling, textile, fertilizer, medicine. Also, a good source of hydrogen, ammonia has the potential to play an important role in the future hydrogen economy. Ammonia production has thermodynamic limitations and is commercially produced by the Haber-Bosh process at high pressure and high temperature. Electrocatalytic ammonia production processes eliminate thermodynamic limitations and provide ammonia production at atmospheric pressure. Studies on ammonia production by using solid oxide conductors are still ongoing, and research using oxide conducting electrolytes are limited. Ammonia production in oxide conducting electrolytes provides thermodynamically an advantage over the Haber-Bosh process, but the cathode catalyst is also very important for the development of the membrane electrode system. The catalyst to be used in oxide conducting electrolyte is expected to be active for ammonia production, to have high ionic and electrical conductivity, and to have high strength and stability under operating conditions. In addition, the compatibility of the electrolyte material and the thermal expansion coefficient of the catalyst to be used in the system is another important parameter. Perovskite materials have the potential to have these properties, and the properties of perovskites can be improved by adding various metals to their structure. Electrocatalytic studies in the literatüre widely use yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) stabilized, which can easily be obtained commercially, as the solid oxide electrolyte material. Within the scope of the proposed project, LaFeO3 that has thermal expansion coefficient close to YSZ will be synthesized and the effectof doping with Ce in different ratios on the katalyst properties will be examined by characterization methods. There are currently no studies in literatüre that use of La1-xCexFeO3 cathode catalyst for the production of ammonia in oxide conducting electrolyte system. As a result of the study, the development of an active and selective cathode catalyst with high ionic and electrical conductivity, compatible with YSZ electrolyte, for the production of ammonia using solid oxide electrolyte will contribute to the literature. Outcomes of this project are planned to be published in national/ international journals and/or presented in national/international conferences.
Donör-akseptör Düzeninde Yeni Bir Bileşik Grubununtasarımı, Sentezi ve İletken Polimerlerinin Uygulama Alanları
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
Donor-acceptor-based electrochromic polymers, unknown in the literature, were synthesized and the optical and electrochemical properties of these materials were examined. In this study, in which both the donor effect and the acceptor effect were examined, soluble and processable materials with colors such as green, blue, cyan and black, although very few in number in the literature, were synthesized which are indispensable for their application areas. Necessary characterization studies have been carried out for the anticipated technological applications.
Lineer Olmayan Üçlü Schrödinger Denklemi İçin Yapı Koruyan Sayısal Yöntemler
Mathematics; 02. School of Arts and Sciences; 01. Atılım University
A nonlinear implicit energy-conserving scheme and a linearly implicit mass-conserving scheme are constructed for the numerical solution of a three-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Both methods are second order. The numerical experiments verify the theoretical results that while the nonlinear implicit scheme preserves the energy, the linearly implicit method preserves the mass of the system. In addition, the schemes are quite accurate in the preservation of the other conserved quantities of the system. Elastic collision, creation of new vector soliton, and fusion of soliton are observed in the solitary wave evolution. The numerical methods are proven to be highly efficient and stable in the simulation of the periodic and solitary waves of the equation in long terms. Dispersive analysis of the equation and the numerical methoda is investigated.
: Synthesis Of Electroactive Chemiluminescent Compounds And Polymers For Blood Detection İn Forensic/adli-tıpta Kan Teşhisi için Elektroaktif Kemilüminesans Bileşiklerin ve Polimerlerin Sentezi
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
Project Summary Combination of pyridazine based and chemiluminescent units with electroactive compounds and conjugated polymers have been taken place recently. These compounds and conjugated polymers have been reported to be used instead of luminol in order to detect blood traces in forensic science. These studies resulted in the birth of a new series of compounds so-called “luminol-type compounds”. In this study, a new series of chemiluminescent and conjugated trimeric compounds bearing pyridazine ring (Scheme 1) and their polymers will be synthesized and characterized structurally. Then, their chemiluminescent properties and forensic applications (blood detection) will be scrutinized. Scheme 1. Chemical structure of the compounds bearing redox active terminals and chemiluminescent pyridazine units In order to achieve this aim, phthalic anhydride will be utilized to synthesize the target molecules in three steps. This will be advantageous when compared the synthesis of some luminol derivatives which require multiple steps. After the completion of the structural characterization of the compounds, the chemiluminescent reactions of the compounds in basic medium will be tested firstly in the presence of only hydrogen peroxide and then together with various metal cations as catalyst by using a photomultiplier tube. If iron ion is found to exhibit a catalytic role in the chemiluminescent process, the application of blood trace detection in forensic will be studied. First of all, hemin as a hemoglobin analogue will be used to get a standard curve and then the blood samples will be studied. Obtained data will be compared with luminol and its derivatives and also the effect of the substituents (electron donating units: furan, thiophene and selenophene) of the compounds on the chemiluminescent process will be investigated. Next step will be the electrochemical polymerization of the compounds. The structural analyses of the polymers will be studied by using voltammetric and spectroscopic methods (cyclic voltammetry, NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, GPC, etc.). Chemiluminescent properties and forensic applications of their polymers will also be studied. Furthermore, since the polymers can be obtained as films via electrochemical polymerization, the electrochemiluminescent properties of these polymers will also be investigated. In addition to the polymers’ structural characterization, their electrochemical and optical properties will be studied to search for their possible opto-electronic applications. When the project has reached to its aims, a new series of the chemiluminescent compounds will be synthesized after only a few steps by starting with a cheap compound called phthalic anhydride. Unfortunately, the interest of the present luminol type compounds in the literature is limited since they are synthesized in multiple steps. A new series of the compounds will be obtained for the family of luminol type compounds when the syntheses of the compounds are realized. Due to the systematic synthesis of the compounds (Group 6A: O (furan), S (thiophene), Se (selenophene) atoms used for the same template compound), the effect of the electron donating units will be investigated on the chemiluminescent property. In conclusion, new compounds that are alternative to the luminol used in forensic application will be brought into the literature.
Lisans Dersleri için Zaman Serisi ile Açılacak Şube Sayısı ve Kontenjanlarını Tahmin Eden Yapay Zekâ Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi
Computer Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
This project aims to address the problems experienced in traditional methods used in determining course quotas and number of sections in universities. This project, carried out with the support of Atılım University Undergraduate Research Projects, aims to optimize this process by using machine learning models. In the project, XGBoost and LightGBM were examined and their ability to make high-accurate predictions was tested.
Sıfıraltı Sıcaklık Muhafaza Koşullarının Su Verilmiş 2024 Alüminyum Alaşımının Yaşlanma Davranışına ve Şekillendirilebilirliğine Etkisinin Araştırılması
Industrial Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
The effect of storage conditions on the ageable 2024 Aluminum alloy, which was stored at different subzero temperatures (-12°C, -15°C, -18°C) after quenching, on the aging behavior and mechanical properties of the alloy at room temperature was investigated by performing hardness, tensile and formability tests. It was observed that the samples stored at -18°C hardened at a slower rate at room temperature compared to the samples stored at -15°C and -12°C. Using the data obtained, linear (Linear) and non-linear (Qudratic and Cubic) models were developed to predict the mechanical properties (hardness, yield and tensile strength) of the 2024 Aluminum alloy, depending on the subzero temperature storage conditions and the time spent at room temperature. It was concluded that the performance of Quadratic models obtained from the results of hardness tests was high, and Linear models could be used for future prediction. The results of the tensile tests showed that the Quadratic models have high performance and usability for future prediction. Finally, the relationship between yield strength and hardness values was examined. A 100% positive relationship was determined between hardness and yield strength values.
Promoting Stakeholder Adherence To Mediterranean Diet On Campus Through Menu İnterventions And Social Marketing Strategies / Menü Müdahaleleri ve Sosyal Pazarlama Stratejileri ile Kampüste Paydaşların Akdeniz Diyetine Uyumunu Geliştirmek
01. Atılım University
Food service comprises the production of meals consumed outside the home, including consumers from all age groups and in different sectors. This service sector has evolved through the years, providing an increasing number of meals, which have been drifting away from the Mediterranean Food Pattern. Food service is an important setting for public health interventions, educating consumers and modulating behaviours through the meals provided. Prior research on eating habits has mainly focused on a single stakeholder - typically consumers - and on a narrow set of outcome variables. Although these studies provide important clues about the determinants of adherence to food offer, research has yet to address this issue using an integrative approach of multiple stakeholders (e.g., the consumers, food providers, decisors) across a set of different variables. Also, intervention initiatives, usually act only on the environment without strategies that efficiently engage all the stakeholders involved. Social Marketing is one of the strategies, empirically verified, designed to promote change behavior, which contributions to health and well being of citizens are positively recognized by many. Establishing and managing long-term partnerships that include different groups of stakeholders - consumers, government, retailers and other players - are key elements in the application of mid and upstream social marketing to complex issues. This project, developed in Portugal, Turkey, and Croatia, aims to identify the compliance of food service menus with the Mediterranean Diet in public high education institutes canteens, pinpointing opportunities to intervene, namely: 1) promoting changes in the food offer addressing proximity to the Mediterranean Food Pattern, creating, and offering plant-based meals, with seasonable and local food products and 2) developing tailored social marketing strategies to engaging stakeholders to encourage healthier and sustainable food habits. It gathers a team comprised of nutrition experts on public health and food service, food technologists, gastronomy experts, psychologists, and marketers, with a vast experience and professional skills. To achieve the objectives researches will: 1) develop and index to evaluate compliance of menus with the Mediterranean Diet; 2) based on personal interviews, define priority stakeholders and define methodology for engagement; 3) evaluate perceptions, barriers and facilitators through self-administered surveys and in-depth interviews; 4) develop of a 1-month meal plan framework; 5) develop tools concerning the concept premises to empower the catering employees and consumers to understand the proposed menu methodology; 6) develop a new food concept/product “student bag” (meal on the go) and test it for industry scale up; 7) use previous diagnose to develop social/emotional marketing strategies directed to stakeholders and consumers to achieve food behaviour change and 8) measure the impacts of the implemented strategies through a feasibility test. The project's main ambition is to change the food service paradigm, by creating and implementing a new healthy and sustainable food service concept that truly complies with the Mediterranean diet, as well as solutions that comply with consumers new needs, and also developing and implementing strategies that engage all the stakeholders with this concept. We expect to create the reference in terms of food offer that will be demanded by consumers of the next generations and the standpoint to inspire the other food service sectors/ settings achieving an effective and sustainable food offer change and positively influence food service consumers’ food pattern towards Mediterranean recommendations, while addressing the Sustainable Development Goals (3 - good health and 12 - responsible consumption and production; 17 - partnerships for the goals).
Kimyasal ışıl-ışıma özelliğine sahip heterosiklik monomerlerin ve iletken polimerlerinin sentezlenmesi ve uygulama alanları
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
A new group of compounds with chemiluminescence properties were designed and synthesized, and after their identification, their behavior towards metal ions was examined. Some of these compounds, which are likely to be used in both analytical chemistry and forensic science, have been successfully polymerized by electrochemical methods and their optical and electrochemical properties have been identified.
Yerli Modüler 350 Ton Kapasiteli Sondaj Kulesi Tasarımı ve İmalatı
Civil Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
With the proposed project, analysis, design, and prototype manufacturing of a domestic, modular, 350-ton drilling rig for oil, geothermal and natural gas drilling will be performed in accordance with international standards which will be recognized in the international arena for quality, functionality, price, etc.
Geri Kazanılmış Pet/pen Karışımlarının Özelliklerinin Farklı Zincir Uzatıcılar Kullanımı ile İyileştirilmesi
01. Atılım University
PET/PEN mixtures have been studied extensively in the literature for the production of materials with economically viable and superior properties. However, as it is known, PET and PEN are not compatible polymers with each other and various methods are used to harmonize these mixtures. One of these methods is the transesterification reaction of PET and PEN during mixing from the melt. However, during transesterification, the molecular weight of polymers decreases by exposure to thermal, hydrolytic and oxidative degradation. Adding chain-extending chemicals to the mix to reduce this effect is one of the methods used. In this study, the effect of 1, 4 phenylene bis, oxazoline (PBO), tri phenyl phosphate (TPP) and 1, 4 phenyl diisocyanate (PDI) chain extenders on the properties of PET/PEN mixtures prepared with recycled PET (r-PET) was investigated. First of all, the effect of PEN amount on r-PET-PEN mixtures was examined and 70/30% r-PET-PEN mixture was determined as control sample. Later, chain extenders of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% were added to this composition. Tensile and impact tests were performed to examine the effect of chain extenders on the mechanical properties of r-PET-PEN mixtures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used to determine the glass transition temperature. The level of the transesterification reaction was calculated using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H1-NMR) technique. In the light of all these data, it was determined that PDI was the most suitable chain extender for r-PET-PEN mixtures, while TPP was not a suitable chain extender for this mixture.
Aydınoğulları-erken Osmanlı Döneminde Ayasuluk/efes'te Kültür ve Teknoloji Transferi: Disiplinler Arası Araştırmalar Işığında İsa Bey Hamamı Seramikleri
01. Atılım University
Ayasuluk/Ephesus city, which was conquered by the Turks in 1304 and became the capital of Aydınoğulları since the middle of the century, had one of the busiest ports between Asia and Europe in the 14th-15th centuries in the Western Anatolia region (Pfeiffer-Taş 2014; 2019). However, until the researches in recent years, the view in the literature was dominant, that the port of Ephesus became unusable since the 7th (AD) century, that the city lost its importance and turned into a small settlement with the conquest of the Turks. The importance of Ayasuluk Port, which continued its activities in today's Pamucak region during the Aydınoğulları period, in close and long distance trade has been documented with excavation findings such as ceramics and coins, as well as written sources. The city had played an important role both regionally and in terms of interactions and culture-technology transfer between China, the Middle East and Europe. Although the Seljuk-Islamic ceramic production tradition and techniques, which came to the region with the Turks, are observed in the unearthed findings, the presence of imported products is also important in terms of reflecting the interactions. It is thought that concrete data, which cannot be reached with the research methods of social-humanities, can only be reached by archaeometric methods due to the insufficient written sources and information of the period. The presented project aims to reach new data on the role of Ayasuluk in the interactions between Asia and Europe. It covers the interdisciplinary research of 47 samples belonging to the Principalities-Early Ottoman periods, which were taken from the ceramics found during the archaeological excavations carried out between 1978-1993 under the presidency of the Ephesus Museum Directorate in the İsa Bey Bathhouse and which have not been analyzed before. Thus, after the Byzantine period, it is aimed to enable new interpretations on culture and technology transfer in connection with socio-economic changes, ceramic production and consumption. For this purpose, archaeometric analyzes of ceramics will be made by applying XRD, ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, Raman, FTIR spectroscopy and thin section petrography methods in order to find answers to questions about clay, lining, glaze properties and production technologies. The data to be obtained will be evaluated comparatively by bringing together the data previously obtained from other examples, which were included in the literature in a complex way. A digital catalogue will be formed by using the data about the production features of ceramics, origin, etc. The digital catalogue will be evaluated together with the socio-economic, urban, commercial and political developments of the region.
Synthesis And Applications Of High Sulfur Content Polymeric Materials/yüksek Kükürt İçerikli Polimerik Malzemelerin Sentezi ve Uygulamaları
Chemical Engineering; 06. School Of Engineering; 01. Atılım University
Sulfur has been used in various applications. With approximately 70 million tonnes produced each year from petroleum refining, elemental sulfur is widely available and inexpensive (∼$120 USD per tonne). A significant portion of sulfur is used in the production of sulfuric acid. Although elemental sulfur is not toxic, it is a flammable solid so finding productive uses for this stockpiled material under the open air is important. Finding large-scale uses for this sulfur, such as conversion to useful polymers, would be an important advance. Polymerization of elemental sulfur has long been studied. Sulfur polymerizes above 159 oC. Unfortunately, the polymeric sulfur undergoes depolymerization since elemental sulfur is more stable thermodynamically at room temperature. As a solution for this problem, in Pyun’s pioneering study, an alkene was used as an organic cross-linker via inverse vulcanization method. In this study, sulfur was heated to 185 °C to initiate ring-opening polymerization and then, addition of alkene resulted in cross-linking. Because of the high sulfur content (50-90 wt%) and the corresponding polysulfur copolymers represented several interesting chemical, material, and optical properties: redox acitivity (cathode materials for Li-S batteries), a high refractive index and a mid IR region of transparency (night vision, thermal imaging), self healing, heavy metal ions remediation, etc. These usage areas have inspired further exploration of inverse vulcanization with a variety of unsaturated cross-linkers to obtain polysulfides with various properties. On the other hand, today vegetable oils are the most important renewable raw material for the chemical industry. About 80% of the global oil and fat production is vegetable oil. These oils make highly pure fatty acids available such as oleic acid (OA) from sunflower, linoleic acid (LA) from soybean, linolenic acid (LnA) from linseed, and ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Figure 1.1(a)). Vegetable oils are expected to play a key role during the 21st century to synthesize polymers from renewable sources. Within this contribution, the project is aimed at the synthesis and application of new high sulfur content polymeric materials using fatty acids (Figure 1.1(a)). Figure 1. (a) Chemical structures of some fatty acids, (b) the synthesis and chemical modification (poly(S-r-OA)-PE) of a polsulfur copolymer (poly(S-r-OA)) via inverse vulcanization. Due to the presence of double bonds, these pure fatty acids will be used firstly for cross-linking by using inverse vulcanization method (Figure 1.1(b)). Correponding copolymers are expected to be soluble in common organic solvents, processable and electroactive. In particular, the effect of double bonds and the free alkyl chains on the polysulfur copolymers will be investigated systematically by using OA, LA and LnA. Another feature of the copolymers obtained from these fatty acids will be the presence of reactive functional units (-COOH), which makes it possible to make chemical modifications (amide, ester, etc. linkages) of the polysulfur copolymers and to convert them into new polymers with different properties. With this project, the first examples of high sulfur content derivatives of polyesters and polyamides (like poly(S-r-OA)-PE) may have been synthesized by the chemical modification (esterification and amidation) of polysulfur copolymers. After inverse vulcanization process, the characterization of the obtained polysulfur copolymers will be done by using NMR, Raman, FTIR, UV, GPC, SEM, DSC, TGA etc., techniques. Electrochemical, optical, and material properties of the polymers will be investigated and tested as potential promising materials for use in Li-S batteries, heavy metal ions remediation and photocatalytic dye removal. The properties of obtained polymers will be compared with each other as well as with the literature data. Lastly, studies will be carried out to produce polymers in kg scale, and the applicability of the method to be applied to the industry will be tested. With reaching the project targets, it will be possible to polymerize elemental sulfur with the renewable vegetable fatty acids; therefore, huge amounts of sulfur can be used more effectively and an important step for sustainable synthesis/production in the polymer industry will be realized.

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