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Book Part A Sociological Perspective on Civil Disobedience Via Taxation: the Case of Turkey(Peter Lang AG, 2016) Turguter,E.A.; Hos,Z.M.Since the establishment of states, the power of taxation is one of the main elements of sovereignty and it has been applied frequently by the rulers and governments. One can see that individuals have shown mass reactions to unfair decisions of governors, especially to unfair and heavy taxes many times in the history. In sociological and legal doctrine, these reactions are classified into two groups such as passive and active resistance and passive resistances can be considered as mainly civil disobedience movements. Civil disobedience stands at the crossroads of the law and sociology due to its consequences. Therefore, in this study, the history of civil disobedience will be analysed through the perspectives of law and sociology. Considering this process, the study will focus on tax-based examples of civil disobedience beginning from the 2000s in Turkey. © 2016 Peter Lang GmbH. All rights reserved.Book Part Example of Internal Tax Bleeding: "tax Expenditures"(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Saygilioğlu,N.The issue of tax expenditures has been well known and adopted by developed countries for nearly half a century. This concept is perceived as a contradiction in that it includes the price collected as "tax ile and the price spent as" expenditure. It also reminds us of any administrative and legal expenses related to the collection of the tax, but it is not used in this sense. The concept of tax expenditure has the same meaning in theory. It is used as a concept that reduces the tax burden of taxpayers for various purposes and expresses regulations such as exemptions and exemptions in public. But, although it is the same definition in some respects, it does not have a structure suitable for international comparisons since it imposes different meanings in terms of scope. This study aims to describe the theoretical framework and reasons for assets of tax expenditures, and discussing its size and results in Turkey to attract the attention of business and politics. © Peter Lang AG 2020.Book Part IX: Monster or victim: Isolation and loneliness in frankenstein by Mary Shelley(Peter Lang AG, 2021) Aras,G.Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is the story of an ambitious scientist Victor Frankenstein and his creature, who is desperately isolated, frustrated and discriminated. For being found hideous and loathsome, he is deserted and despised even by its creator. It is also apparent that Victor Frankenstein is not very much different from his creature as he also experiences loneliness and isolation in his entire life for he is obsessed with the desire for knowledge and science, whereas the creature is forced to lead an isolated and alienated life due to his creator/father because of the way of its unnatural creation, and the creature only yearns for love. The novel is one of the most notable works in which the idea of monster and victim co- exist, and the border between monstrosity and victimisation is blurred because it is not possible to decide who the actual monster is; is it the creator or his creation? Due to being exposed to discrimination and lovelessness, the created/monster becomes violent, and is ready to take revenge; however, he is also doomed to be victimised. The text puts emphasis on isolation and loneliness concerning both the creator who reanimates a dead body and his creation who is born out of death. Since the creator dedicates his whole energy and life to scientific research, he simply neglects familial and social relations. Thus, the two are both isolated. The aim of this essay is to investigate the theme of isolation and loneliness which definitely goes beyond psychological and/or physical breakdown and also leads to darkness, disaster, destruction, and eventually to death with reference to Kristeva's theory of abject. © Peter Lang AG 2021.Book Part V: Marginalised Flaneurs in Venice in the Works of Mann, Winterson and Ishiguro(Peter Lang AG, 2021) Tekin,K.This essay traces the forking paths of the three fictional flaneurs who are deemed to be either innate marginals or to become marginals while wandering in the narrow, maze- like streets and canals of Venice. The fictional flaneurs are T. Mann's Gustav von Aschenbach, J. Winterson's Villanelle and K. Ishiguro's protagonist- narrator, Janeck. All the three protagonists of the selected works experience the extremes of marginality in Venice. Among the three, Gustav von Aschenbach has a distinct place for he starts out in Death in Venice as a distinguished German writer with an international reputation. Ishiguro's protagonist in "Crooner," however, is a young Polish guitarist who is trying to earn a living as a street musician in Venice. Jan assists various bands with his guitar whenever extra help is needed to entertain the tourists in Piazza San Marco. Unlike the mentioned two characters, Winterson's Villanelle in The Passion is a local Venetian, a young woman with webbed- feet. Born as the daughter of a Venetian boatman, she can walk on water as the legend concerning the Venetian boatmen goes. Winterson's magical realistic touch introduces Villanelle as a fantastic figure as opposed to the realistic portrayal of the other two main characters. This essay traces these three protagonists' saunterings in Venice and seeks answers to questions such as the following: which features of Venice lead these authors to choose Venice as their setting? How does the so- called "fairytale city" push the three protagonists into the borders of marginality? Do the selected authors treat the city as an anthropomorphic character who can reshape the nature of its dwellers or visitors, and can control their actions and fates? Are there any parallels between the mindscapes of the characters and the cityscape? The theoretical frame of the article draws largely on the works of urban writers, theorists and literary critics. © Peter Lang AG 2021.Book Part Iv: Victorian Hypocritical Sexual Politics: Sarah Waters' Tipping the Velvet(Peter Lang AG, 2021) Serdaroğlu,D.Being classified as a historical and a Neo- Victorian novel, Sarah Waters' Tipping the Velvet (1998) is set in the late 19th century, the late 1880s and the 1890s, Victorian England. The novel explores the boundaries of gender roles, sex and romance in the Victorian era by depicting the marginalised and ostracised existence of the female same- sex lovers. The novel foregrounds the hypocrisy hidden behind the seemingly impeccable Victorian values, norms and beliefs concerning ethics, morality and certain behaviours defining gender roles. The author sheds light on the "other" side of the Victorian society through her protagonist, Nancy Astley (Nan King), and her same- sex partners from different classes. Nancy, together with her lovers defy the long- established Victorian view which stigmatised lesbian intercourse as perversion. Waters puts particular emphasis on class distinction while depicting her protagonist wandering in London streets among various queer characters from different classes. The author's aim in so doing is to show that what was deemed to be perversion is not exclusive to one social class. The novel, in a sense, urges the reader to reconsider the stereotyped image of femininity and masculinity. Thus, the author offers an alternative perspective to the figure of lesbian which was then regarded as an unspeakable and abominable sickness. The aim of this study is to dwell on the hypocritical handling of gender stereotyping which is pertinent to not only Victorian era but also present day. Judith Butler's queer theory and gender performativity and Michel Foucault's history of sexuality will constitute the theoretical framework of the paper. © Peter Lang AG 2021.Book Part Translation of Sounds for Children: an Example of a Multimodal Work(Peter Lang AG, 2023) Hastürkoğlu,G.Translation of poetry, particularly intended for children, has always been considered as one of the most problematic and challenging sub-fields of literary translation. As the texts are read aloud to young children until they achieve reading abilities, the read-aloud elements such as onomatopoeia, assonance, alliteration, rhyme, meter, intonation, and stress remain as the most attractive stylistic features in children's poetry; nevertheless, translation of these read-aloud elements, together with the pedagogical content, requires special attention by translators. To better and more effectively attract the attention of the children of this digital era, in the last years, the multimodality of children's literature has been foregrounded with the combinations of written language, visual images, and musical touch in both print and digital form, necessitating work in many layers by translators. In this framework, the main aim of this present research is to reveal some of the translation problems related to the sound elements in a multimodal children's work and the solutions the translator finds to achieve semantic and cognitive equivalence in terms of the sound effects in the Turkish translation of Wild Symphony, a sound-effective, interactive, and multimodal children's work. The results demonstrate that the multimodal nature of the original work renders additional challenges for the translator to achieve equivalence between the music in the digital environment and the musicality of the linguistic words; thus, requiring different types of translation strategies. © Peter Lang GmbH.Book Part Importance of Product Development in Turkey's Gastronomy Tourism(Peter Lang AG, 2024) Güzelşahin, G.[No abstract available]Book Part A Transmodern Reading of Black Feminist Activism in Bernardine Evaristo's Girl, Woman, Other(Peter Lang AG, 2023) Tekin, K.; Turgut, Z.R.
