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Article Citation - WoS: 62Citation - Scopus: 70Kinetic Studies on the Multi-Enzyme Solution Produced Via Solid State Fermentation of Waste Bread by aspergillus Awamori(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Melikoglu, Mehmet; Lin, Carol Sze Ki; Webb, ColinThe aim of this study was kinetic analysis of the multi-enzyme solution produced from waste bread via solid state fermentation by Aspergillus awamori. It was found that at normal temperature for hydrolysis reactions, 60 degrees C, the activation energies for denaturation of A. awamori glucoamylase, 176.2 kJ/mol, and protease, 149.9 kJ/mol, are much higher than those for catalysis of bread starch, 46.3 kJ/mol, and protein, 36.8 kJ/mol. Kinetic studies showed that glucoamylase and protease in the multi-enzyme solution should have at least two conformations under the two temperature ranges: 30-55 degrees C and 60-70 degrees C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that, deactivation of glucoamylase and protease in the multi-enzyme solution can be reversible between 30 degrees C and 55 degrees C, since Delta S is negative and Delta H is positive. On the other hand, for glucoamylase and protease, both Delta S and Delta H are positive between 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C. This means that the deactivation of both enzymes in the multi-enzyme solution is spontaneous in this temperature range. It was also found that the glucoamylase produced in the solid state fermentation of waste bread is more thermally stable than the protease in the mixture. Consequently, the protease had little or no effect on the stability of the glucoamylase. Furthermore, the half-life of the glucoamylase produced from waste bread pieces was much higher than that produced from wheat flour. This is an important finding because the mode of production, via solid state fermentation, appears to have increased the thermostability of the enzyme significantly. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 30Functionalized Polysulfide Copolymers With 4-Vinylpyridine Via Inverse Vulcanization(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Berk, Hasan; Balci, Burcu; Ertan, Salih; Kaya, Murat; Cihaner, AtillaA new series of functional polysulfide copolymers called poly(sulfur-random-4-vinylpyridine) (poly(S-r-4VP)) was synthesized via inverse vulcanization technique by ring opening polymerization of elemental sulfur in the presence of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP). The corresponding copolymers can be post functionalized by using amine group in 4VP unit to get polymers bearing various properties. Elemental sulfur was heated up to 160 degrees C and 4VP was added slowly to a clear yellowish orange colored liquid at this temperature. The reaction mixture was vitrified to form a reddish-brown polymeric material at 180 degrees C in 1 h. The products were characterized by using FTIR, NMR, and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Poly(S-r-4VP) copolymers are soluble in common solvents like dichloromethane, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran. Weight-average molecular weights of poly(S-r-4VP) copolymers with different wt% 4VP were measured by using gel permeation chromatography technique. The polysulfide copolymers with different wt% 4VP have high weight-average molecular weights with polydispersity indeces (PDI) in a range from 1.88 to 4.06 measured by gel permeation chromatography. Post functionalization of the copolymer with 50 wt% 4VP as an example was performed successfully by using alkyl bromide to get N-alkyl quaternized 4VP in polymer backbone.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 12Effect of Au Nanosandwiching on the Structural, Optical and Dielectric Properties of the as Grown and Annealed Inse Thin Films(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Omareya, Olfat A.; Qasrawi, A. F.; Al Garni, S. E.In the current work, the structural, optical and dielectric properties of the InSe/Au/InSe nanosandwiched structures are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and UV-visible light spectrophotometry techniques. The insertion of a 20 and 100 nm thick Au metal slabs between two InSe layers did not alter the amorphous nature of the as grown InSe films but decreased the energy band gap and the free carrier density. It also increased; the absorption ratio and the values of dielectric constant by similar to 3 times. The insertion of 100 nm Au layers as a nanosandwich enhanced the drift mobility (31.3 cm(2)/V s) and plasmon frequency (1.53 GHz) of the InSe films. On the other hand, upon annealing, a metal induced crystallization process is observed for the InSe/Au (100 nm)/InSe sandwiches. Particularly, while the samples sandwiched with a layer of 20 nm thickness hardly revealed hexagonal gamma -In2Se3 when annealed at 300 degrees C, those sandwiched with 100 nm Au slab, displayed well crystalline phase of hexagonal gamma -In2Se3 at annealing temperature of 200 degrees C. The further annealing at 300 degrees C, forced the appearing of the orthorhombic In4Se3 phase. Optically, the annealing of the InSe/Au(100 nm)/InSe at 200 degrees C improved the absorption ratio by similar to 9 times and decreased the energy band gap. The nanosandwiching technique of InSe seems to be promising for the engineering of the optical properties of the InSe photovoltaic material.Article Citation - WoS: 14Citation - Scopus: 15Global asymptotic stability of 2-D state-space digital filters with saturation arithmetic: Modified approach(Elsevier Science Bv, 2008) Singh, VimalA criterion for the global asymptotic stability of 2-D state-space digital filters described by the Roesser model employing state saturation arithmetic is presented. The criterion is a modified form of a recently reported criterion. An example shows the effectiveness of the modified criterion. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 7In situ monitoring of the permanent crystallization, phase transformations and the associated optical and electrical enhancements upon heating of Se thin films(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Qasrawi, A. F.; Aloushi, Hadil D.In this work, the in situ structural transformations from amorphous to polycrystalline upon heating and the associated enhancements in the structural parameters of selenium thin films are studied by means of X-ray diffraction technique. The Se thin films which are grown onto ultrasonically cleaned glass substrate by the thermal evaporation technique under vacuum pressure of 10(-5) mbar exhibits structural transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline near 353 K. The films completed the formation of the structure which includes both of the hexagonal and monoclinic phases at 363 K. It is observed that the hexagonal phase dominates over the monoclinic as temperature is raised. Consistently, the thermally assisted crystallization process is accompanied with increase in the crystallite size, decrease in the microstrain, decrease in defect density and decrease in the percentage of stacking faults. The scanning electron microscopy measurements also confirmed the crystallinity of selenium after heating. The time dependent reputations of the crystallization test has shown that the achieved phase transitions and enhancements in structural parameters are permanent in selenium. Optically, the crystallization process is observed to be associated with redshift in the absorption spectra and in the value of the energy band gap. Electrically, the in situ monitoring of the electrical conductivity during the heating cycle has shown that the electrical conductivity stabilizes and exhibit a decrease in the acceptor levels from 566 to 321 meV after the crystallization was achieved.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 9Development of a New and Simplified Procedure for the Experimental Determination of Forming Limit Curves(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Karadogan, C.; Tamer, M. E.This study aims to eliminate the off-centric initiation of localization caused by friction in the Nakazima testing of forming limit curves (FLCs). Our proposed approach uses an ordinary Nakazima testing equipment and standard Nakazima geometries for specimens. The principle is based on a layer of relatively thick, flexible and durable polyurethane disc, whose coherent deformation ensures strain localization at the pole. The main advantages of this approach are the simplicity of the equipment and testing, inexpensiveness, and yet the coverage of the entire strain range relevant to sheet metal forming. The technique is validated by experimental and numerical FLC investigations. (C) 2015 CIRP.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 9Effect of Ytterbium, Gold and Aluminum Transparent Metallic Substrates on the Performance of the Ga2s3< Thin Film Devices(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Alharbi, S. R.; Qasrawi, A. F.In the current work, the structural, optical, dielectric and electrical properties of the Ga2S3 thin films which are deposited onto transparent thin Al, Yb and Au metal substrates are characterized by means of transmittance electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy techniques. The effects of the metallic substrates on the crystalline nature, energy band gap and dielectric spectra are also investigated. The modeling of the dielectric spectra allowed determining the effect of the Al, Yb and Au thin layers on the electron scattering time, the plasmon frequency, free electron density and drift mobility. In addition, a Yb/Ga2S3/Au Schottky barrier and All Ga2S3/Au back to back Schottky barrier devices (metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) device) are fabricated and characterized by means of capacitance-voltage characteristics and capacitance and conductance spectra in the frequency range of 10-1800 MHz. While the Schottky barrier device displayed three distinct positions of resonance-antiresonance phenomena, the MSM device displayed one peak with narrow bandwidth of 10 MHz. The MSM devices exhibited an inversion, depletion and accumulation modes within a voltage range of 0.25 V width at 250 MHz. The study indicates the applicability of these device as smart capacitive switches, as Plasmon devices and as wavetraps. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2On the Lifetime of a Random Binary Sequence(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Eryilmaz, SerkanConsider a system with m elements which is used to fulfill tasks. Each task is sent to one element which fulfills a task and the outcome is either fulfillment of the task ("1") or the failure of the element ("0"). Initially, m tasks are sent to the system. At the second step, a complex of length m(1) is formed and sent to the system, where m(1) is the number of tasks fulfilled at the first step, and so on. The process continues until all elements fail and the corresponding waiting time defines the lifetime of the binary sequence which consists of "1" or "0". We obtain a recursive equation for the expected value of this waiting time random variable. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 24Citation - Scopus: 28Enhancing Proton Conductivity Via Sub-Micron Structures in Proton Conducting Membranes Originating From Sulfonated Pvdf Powder by Radiation-Induced Grafting(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Sadeghi, Sahl; Sanli, Lale Isikel; Guler, Enver; Gursel, Selmiye AlkanWe report here submicron-structured proton conducting poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVDF-g-PSSA) membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Highly conductive proton exchange membranes were obtained by single-step radiation grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) to powder-form PVDF, followed by casting and subsequent solvent evaporation. The obtained submicron structure of membrane through solvent evaporation led to the arrangement of ionic channels proving increasing proton conductivity with the increase in graft level. In addition, a temperature above melting point of PVDF was used for solvent evaporation to allow melted PVDF to fill the formed pores, providing denser structure resulting in improved mechanical properties of the membranes. SSS grafting to PVDF powder was verified by NMR spectroscopy, and resultant membranes were characterized for proton conductivity, water up-take, morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, and fuel cell performance. According to preliminary tests, proton conductivities which were observed to increase with graft level were found to be around 70 mS cm(2) at 35% graft level. Thus, this led to a promising power density of 250 mW/cm(2) at 650 mA/cm(2).Article Citation - WoS: 24Citation - Scopus: 22Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Study of Above-Band Gap Optical Constants of Layered Structured Tlgase2, Tlgas2 and Tlins2 Single Crystals(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Isik, M.; Gasanly, N. M.; Turan, R.Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements on TlGaSe2, TlGaS2 and TlInS2 layered crystals were carried out on the layer-plane (0 0 1) surfaces, which are perpendicular to the optic axis c*, in the 1.2- 6.2 eV spectral range at room temperature. The real and imaginary parts of the pseudodielectric function as well as pseudorefractive index and pseudoextinction coefficient were found as a result of analysis of ellipsometric data. The structures of critical points in the above-band gap energy range have been characterized from the second derivative spectra of the pseudodielectric function. The analysis revealed four, five and three interband transition structures with critical point energies 2.75, 3.13, 3.72 and 4.45 eV (TlGaSe2), 3.03, 3.24, 3.53, 4.20 and 4.83eV (TlGaS2), and 3.50, 3.85 and 4.50 eV (TlInS2). For TlGaSe2 crystals, the determined critical point energies were assigned tentatively to interband transitions using the available electronic energy band structure. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
