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Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 3A Hybrid Approach for Semantic Image Annotation(Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2021) Sezen, Arda; Turhan, Cigdem; Sengul, GokhanIn this study, a framework that generates natural language descriptions of images within a controlled environment is proposed. Previous work on neural networks mostly focused on choosing the right labels and/or increasing the number of related labels to depict an image. However, creating a textual description of an image is a completely different phenomenon, structurally, syntactically, and semantically. The proposed semantic image annotation framework presents a novel combination of deep learning models and aligned annotation results derived from the instances of the ontology classes to generate sentential descriptions of images. Our hybrid approach benefits from the unique combination of deep learning and semantic web technologies. We detect objects from unlabeled sports images using a deep learning model based on a residual network and a feature pyramid network, with the focal loss technique to obtain predictions with high probability. The proposed framework not only produces probabilistically labeled images, but also the contextual results obtained from a knowledge base exploiting the relationship between the objects. The framework's object detection and prediction performances are tested with two datasets where the first one includes individual instances of images containing everyday scenes of common objects and the second custom dataset contains sports images collected from the web. Moreover, a sample image set is created to obtain annotation result data by applying all framework layers. Experimental results show that the framework is effective in this controlled environment and can be used with other applications via web services within the supported sports domain.Article Effect of COVID-19 Infection on the Performance of Elite Adolescent Overhead Athletes(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2025) Uluǧ, Naime; Kodak, Seyde Büşra; Kodak, Muhammed Ihsan,; Karahan, Zehra Can; Kiliç, ErdenBackground: COVID-19 might have a negative impact on sports performance. There are few studies in the literature that assess how the sports performance of adolescent athletes is affected by COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to compare the sports performance of adolescent overhead athletes who had COVID-19 infection with those who had not. Methods: The study involved adolescent elite overhead athletes from basketball, volleyball, handball, and tennis. Athletes’ performance were assessed using core muscle endurance, hand grip strength, upper extremity functional performance, reaction time and agility performance, and the 3-min step test. Results: Study included 47 adolescent overhead athletes (mean age 15.15 ± 1.51 years). The COVID-19 group showed significantly higher Borg Scale scores and decrease in oxygen saturation levels only after the step test (p = 0.02, p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, COVID-19 group had lower grip strength in both right and left hands compared to the non-COVID group (p = 0.01, p = 0.05, respectively). No significant association was found between core muscle power and endurance, upper extremity functional performance, reaction time and agility performance (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed reduced hand grip strength and increased fatigue following COVID-19 infection in adolescent overhead athletes. Time period after COVID-19 infection had a negative correlation with sports performance and core endurance. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
