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Article Simulation-Based Optimization of HVAC Systems in Aging Educational Facilities: Addressing IAQ Challenges Through Retrofitting(MDPI, 2026) Saleh, Yousif Abed Saleh; Turhan, Cihan; Turhan, BurcuIndoor air quality (IAQ) in educational buildings plays a critical role in the health, cognitive performance, and well-being of occupants. Aging university facilities often rely on outdated ventilation systems that are not designed to meet current demands or respond to dynamic occupancy levels. This study investigates the performance and feasibility of various advanced ventilation strategies in comparison to an existing balanced mechanical ventilation (BMV) system in a university classroom accommodating 100 students. Using a Dynamic Building Energy Simulation Program, simulations were conducted to evaluate IAQ (using CO2 levels), energy consumption, and thermal comfort under three retrofitting scenarios: BMV, demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), and hybrid ventilation combining natural and mechanical airflow. The simulations indicate that DCV cuts annual HVAC energy use by 33% relative to the baseline, while the hybrid strategy achieves the greatest reduction of 42% and maintains CO2 levels and thermal comfort within recommended limits. Although hybrid systems provide seasonal advantages, their complexity may limit applicability. In addition to technical analysis, this study also explores the financial and tax-related challenges associated with retrofitting ventilation systems in university buildings. Investment payback periods, operational costs, and potential tax incentives are discussed to evaluate economic viability. Overall, the endorse hybrid ventilation as the most cost-effective strategy where mixed-mode control is feasible, and DCV as a practical alternative for buildings unable to employ natural ventilation.Article Evaluation and Comparison of Leed Certified Buildings in Terms of New Financial and Tax Incentives(2025) Turhan, Cihan; Turhan, BurcuIn recent years, decreasing energy resources, global warming problems and environmental pollution have led the building sector towards sustainable and environmentally friendly building concepts. For this reason, many building energy and environmental assessment certification systems have emerged in Turkey and around the world. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a globally recognized certification system for sustainable building design and construction. This system evaluates buildings based on criteria such as energy efficiency, water saving, indoor quality and the use of environmentally sensitive materials. In this sense, many countries have developed tax and incentive programs for buildings with LEED certification. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the economic advantages of LEED certified buildings within the framework of renewed financial incentives. The outputs will provide an important basis for evaluating the effects of incentives, strengthening LEED-certified building policies and supporting sustainable construction.
