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Master Thesis Küresel Likidite Koşullarının Borsa İstanbul Endekslerine Etkileri(2020) Altuntaş, Canan Özlem; Omay, TolgaKüreselleşme ve finansal serbestleşmenin bir sonucu olarak, bir ülkenin finansal piyasasında yaşanan bir değişiklik yerel bir etkiyle sınırlı kalmamakta, diğer finansal piyasalara da yayılmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, küresel likidite koşullarının Borsa İstanbul üzerindeki etkilerinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 01.01.2010 – 31.03.2020 tarihleri arası BIST 100 endeksi log-getirileri ile VIX endeksinin günlük kapanış verileri, bir Çok Değişkenli GARCH model spesifikasyonu olan Sabit Koşullu Korelasyon GARCH (CCC-GARCH) yöntemi ve Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif (ARDL) model kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada VIX endeksi, global likiditeyi temsilen vekil değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik sonuçlar, beklentilerle paralel olarak VIX ve BIST 100 endeksleri arasında negatif korelasyon olduğu, BIST 100 endeksinin küresel finansal piyasalarla tam entegre olduğu ve dolayısıyla küresel likidite koşullarında meydana gelen bir şokun BIST 100 endeksini de etkilediği yönündedir.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Historical Environmental Kuznets Curve for the Usa and the Uk: Cyclical Environmental Kuznets Curve Evidence(Springer, 2024) Omay, Tolga; Yildirim, Julide; Balta-Ozkan, NazmiyeHuman activities, including population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, have increasingly impacted the environment. Despite the benefits of economic growth to individual welfare, its negative environmental consequences necessitate a thorough assessment. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), positing an inverted U-shaped relationship between income per capita and environmental degradation, has been extensively studied since its proposition by Grossman and Krueger (Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement, National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914). However, empirical evidence on the validity and shape of the EKC varies due to methodological differences, country-specific dynamics, and other factors. Examining the historical growth paths of individual countries helps explain the mixed findings in empirical EKC research. Long-term data allow researchers to determine the EKC's shape and turning points, aiding policymakers in devising appropriate environmental policies for each economic growth cycle within the framework of global environmental governance. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by taking a historical perspective on the EKC, focusing specifically on the United States and the United Kingdom. Drawing on data spanning from 1850, we employ advanced econometric techniques, including fractional frequency flexible Fourier form Dickey-Fuller-type unit root tests and structural breaks unit root tests, to overcome limitations of traditional linearized EKC estimations. Moreover, the classical polynomial regression approach is employed to model the long-term cycles based on the scatterplot inspection of per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) and per capita GNP series. Contrary to conventional expectations, our empirical findings do not support the existence of a clear inverted U-shaped EKC relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth for either country. Instead, our analysis reveals the presence of multiple regimes, indicating a cyclical pattern where economic growth affects environmental quality with varying severity over time. Furthermore, we demonstrate proper modeling techniques for the EKC, highlighting the importance of identification and misspecification tests. Our study identifies cyclical EKC patterns for both the UK and the USA, with the UK exhibiting two cycles and the USA exhibiting three, shaped by varying economic, social, and technological contexts. By revealing the nuances of the economic growth-environmental degradation nexus for these early developer countries, our study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to devise evidence-based and environmentally sustainable growth policies within the framework of global environmental governance. These findings underscore the importance of considering historical context and structural changes when analyzing the EKC, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to design adaptive and sustainable economic growth strategies.Doctoral Thesis Uygulanan Politikaların Süt Üretimine Etkisi: Seçilmiş Ab Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Karşılaştırması(2024) Güncer, Kemal; Omay, TolgaDünya nüfusundaki artışın, gelir artışları ile tarım ürünlerine olan talebi artırması ve tarımsal ürün talebinin bileşiminde değişikliklere yol açması beklenmektedir. Bu büyüyen gıda talebini karşılamak için tarımsal üretimde önemli artışlar gereklidir. Ancak, dünya üzerinde tarımsal üretimde kullanılabilecek arazi miktarının sınırlıdır. Bu durum, tarımda üretim artışları için birim arazide elde edilen üretim miktarının artırılması yani verimlilik artışlarının zorunlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca tarım sektöründe devlet müdahalesi yaygın olarak uygulanmakta ve üretimdeki artışlar makroekonomik politika ve düzenlemelere bağlı kalmaktadır. Tarımsal destek politikalarının verimlilik üzerindeki etkisi desteklerin niteliğine bağlıdır. Verimlilik ölçütleri arasında kısmi faktör verimliliği (KFV) ve toplam faktör verimliliği (TFV) bulunmakta, ancak TFV literatürde daha baskın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tarım sektöründe çalışan verilerin kalitesi dikkate alındığında geleneksel TFV yaklaşımlarının büyümenin nedenleri hakkında yeterli bilgi sağlamamakta ve büyümenin teknolojik ve kurumsal değişim, tarımsal politika ve tasarım ile ilişkilisini ele almaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmada, KFV ve TFV yaklaşımlarının eksikliklerini gidermek ve tarımsal büyüme üzerindeki etkileri analiz etmek amacıyla yeni bir ölçüt olarak birleştirilmiş yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye'deki süt üretiminin belirleyicilerini analiz etmek ve çözümlemek amacıyla 1961-2017 dönemi üzerine odaklanılmış, aynı dönemde, hayvancılık ve süt sektörlerini yoğun şekilde destekleyen Almanya, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi üç Avrupa Birliği ülkesi ile regresyon analizini de içeren karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma yapılmıştır.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 10Convergence of Economic Growth and Health Expenditures in Oecd Countries: Evidence From Non-Linear Unit Root Tests(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Celik, Esref Ugur; Omay, Tolga; Tengilimoglu, DilaverIntroductionThe relationship between human capital, health spending, and economic growth is frequently neglected in the literature. However, one of the main determinants of human capital is health expenditures, where human capital is one of the driving forces of growth. Consequently, health expenditures affect growth through this link. MethodsIn the study, these findings have been attempted to be empirically tested. Along this axis, health expenditure per qualified worker was chosen as an indicator of health expenditure, and output per qualified worker was chosen as an indicator of economic growth. The variables were treated with the convergence hypothesis. Due to the non-linear nature of the variables, the convergence hypothesis was carried out with non-linear unit root tests. ResultsThe analysis of 22 OECD countries from 1976 to 2020 showed that health expenditure converged for all countries, and there was a significant degree of growth convergence (except for two countries). These findings show that health expenditure convergence has significantly contributed to growth convergence. DiscussionPolicymakers should consider the inclusiveness and effectiveness of health policies while making their economic policies, as health expenditure convergence can significantly impact growth convergence. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this relationship and identify specific health policies most effective in promoting economic growth.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Phase and Wave Dependent Analysis of Health Expenditure Efficiency: a Sample of Oecd Evidence(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Boduroglu, Elif; Atici, Kazim Baris; Omay, TolgaIntroductionHealth expenditures are a factor that reflects the government's public health policy and contributes to the protection of national health. Therefore, this study focuses on measuring the effectiveness of health expenditures in order to evaluate and improve the public health system and policy during the pandemic period. MethodIn order to examine the effectiveness of health expenditures, the behaviors of the pandemic process were analyzed in two stages. The number of daily cases is analyzed in the first stage by dividing it into waves and phases according to the transmission coefficient (R). For this classification, the discrete cumulative Fourier function estimation is used. In the second stage, the unit root test method was used to estimate the stationarity of the number of cases in order to examine whether the countries made effective health expenditures according to waves and phases. The series being stationary indicates that the cases are predictable and that health expenditure is efficient. Data consists of daily cases from February 2020 to November 2021 for 5 OECD countries. ConclusionThe general results are shown that cases cannot be predicted, especially in the first stage of the pandemic. In the relaxation phase and at the beginning of the second wave, the countries that were seriously affected by the epidemic started to control the number of cas es by taking adequate measures, thus increasing the efficiency of their health systems. The common feature of all the countries we examined is that phase 1, which represents the beginning of the waves, is not stationary. After the waves fade, it can be concluded that the stationary number of health cases cannot be sustainable in preventing new waves' formation. It is seen that countries cannot make effective health expenditures for each wave and stage. According to these findings, the periods in which countries made effective health expenditures during the pandemic are shown. DiscussionThe study aims to help countries make effective short- and long-term decisions about pandemics. The research provides a view of the effectiveness of health expenditures on the number of cases per day in 5 OECD countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Article Representation of Omitted Variable Bias With the Total Derivative Method(Universal Wiser Publisher, 2024) Omay, Tolga; Elitas, ZeynepThis study aims to provide an understanding of the concept of omitted variable bias through the total derivative method. This novel approach that is often overlooked could bring a new perspective to statisticians, econometricians, or researchers in neighboring disciplines such as social sciences, management, or economics. In order to complement this mathematical method, the study also employs graphical representations. By doing so, we provide a detailed walkthrough of the total derivative method, its visual depiction, and its application to the omitted variable bias. We believe that this approach can enhance the understanding of regression analysis and foster a deeper connection between mathematics and econometrics. Overall, this study can contribute to the development of new theoretical foundations using the total differential method in this context.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 1Comparison of the Performance of Structural Break Tests in Stationary and Nonstationary Series: a New Bootstrap Algorithm(Springer, 2024) Camalan, Ozge; Hasdemir, Esra; Omay, Tolga; Kucuker, Mustafa CanStructural breaks are considered as permanent changes in the series mainly because of shocks, policy changes, and global crises. Hence, making estimations by ignoring the presence of structural breaks may cause the biased parameter value. In this context, it is vital to identify the presence of the structural breaks and the break dates in the series to prevent misleading results. Accordingly, the first aim of this study is to compare the performance of unit root with structural break tests allowing a single break and multiple structural breaks. For this purpose, firstly, a Monte Carlo simulation study has been conducted through using a generated homoscedastic and stationary series in different sample sizes to evaluate the performances of these tests. As a result of the simulation study, Zivot and Andrews (J Bus Econ Stat 20(1):25-44, 1992) are the best-performing tests in capturing a single break. The most powerful tests for the multiple break setting are those developed by Kapetanios (J Time Ser Anal 26(1):123-133, 2005) and Perron (Palgrave Handb Econom 1:278-352, 2006). A new Bootstrap algorithm has been proposed along with the study's primary aim. This newly proposed Bootstrap algorithm calculates the optimal number of statistically significant structural breaks under more general assumptions. Therefore, it guarantees finding an accurate number of optimal breaks in real-world data. In the empirical part, structural breaks in the real interest rate data of the US and Australia resulting from policy changes have been examined. The results concluded that the bootstrap sequential break test is the best-performing approach due to the general assumption made to cover real-world data.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Re-Examining the Real Interest Rate Parity Hypothesis Under Temporary Gradual Breaks and Nonlinear Convergence(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Hasanov, Mubariz; Omay, Tolga; Abioglu, VasifThis paper investigates the real interest parity hypothesis by testing stationarity of real interest rate differentials for 52 countries with respect to the USA. Taking account of the fact that both asymmetric adjustment and gradual temporary breaks may better characterize the dynamics of real interest rate differentials, we propose a new test that allows for two temporary shifts together with asymmetric adjustment towards the equilibrium. We employ the newly proposed test procedure along with the conventional ADF test as well as nonlinear KSS and OSH tests to examine stationarity of real interest rate differentials. Among the main results, we find that the newly proposed unit root test procedure highly outperforms the existing unit root tests in terms of rejecting the null hypothesis of unit root. Our results suggest that real interest rate differentials can be characterized by a stationary process with asymmetric adjustment around gradual and temporary shifts of mean.Master Thesis Zaman Serilerinde Yapısal Kırılma Testlerinin Simülasyon Yöntemi ile Karşılaştırılması(2021) Çamalan, Özge; Omay, TolgaBir zaman serisinde örneklem boyunca eğim katsayıları, sabit terim ve trend her zaman istikrarlı değildir, politika değişimleri, krizlerden, savaşlardan kaynaklı kalıcı değişimler (yapısal kırılmalar) meydana gelebilir. Yapısal kırılmaları dikkate almadan yapılan regresyon sonuçları gerçek değerleri yansıtmayabilir. Bu çerçevede yapısal kırılmanın doğru tespit edilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, zaman serileri verilerinde yapısal kırılmanın tarihini belirleyen testlerin performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle yapısal kırılma kavramı açıklanmış, birim kök problemi ile arasındaki etkileşimden bahsedilerek hangi sorunlara yol açtığı ve yapısal kırılma tespitinde sıklıkla kullanılan yöntemler tanımlanmıştır. Daha sonra yapısal kırılma tarihini tespit eden ve sıklıkla kullanılan testlerin teorik açıklamaları verilmiştir. Bu testlerin performansı; değişen varyans, birim kök gibi problemleri içermeyen basit bir seri yaratılarak kırılmanın konumu ve kırılma katsayısı bağlamında simülasyon çalışması ile değerlendirilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçları, yapısal kırılmanın tarihini belirleyen bazı testlerin performansının incelenen tüm durumlar için zayıf olduğunu bazı testlerin ise kırılmanın konumuna, kırılma büyüklüğüne bağlı karşı hassas olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmada Türkiye reel döviz kuru serisinin yapısal kırılmaları belirlenerek Kapetanios (2005) testinin iyi performans sergilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu görgül uygulama ve simülasyon sonuçları beraber değerlendirildiğinde Kapetanios testinin gücü veri yapısına bağlı değişmemektedir.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2A Tale of Two Taxes: State-Dependency of Tax Policy(Wiley, 2024) Arin, Kerim Peren; Gahramanov, Emin; Omay, Tolga; Tang, Xueli; Ulubasoglu, Mehmet A.In this paper, we build a simple endogenous growth model with labour and corporate taxes to investigate the asymmetric effects of tax policy over the growth trajectory. We employ a newly developed panel smooth transition model to empirically analyse a sample of 19 advanced economies over the 1961-2017 period. We find that both the asymmetric effects and the tax measures used are essential. We also find that the effects of corporate and personal taxes on long-run growth are non-linear, while the detrimental effects of personal taxes are empirically larger compared to those of corporate taxes once non-linearities are controlled for.