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Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 15A Study on the Performance Evaluation of Wavelet Decomposition in Transient-Based Radio Frequency Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Devices(Wiley, 2022) Almashaqbeh, Hemam; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, AliRadio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) is used as a physical-layer security method to provide security in wireless networks. Basically, it exploits the distinctive features (fingerprints) extracted from the physical waveforms emitted from radio devices in the network. One of the major challenges in RFF is to create robust features forming the fingerprints of radio devices. Here, dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) provides an accurate way of extracting those robust features. However, its performance on the RFF of Bluetooth transients which fall into narrowband signaling has not been reported yet. Therefore, this study examines the performance of DT-CWT features on the use of transient-based RFF of Bluetooth devices. Initially, experimentally collected Bluetooth transients from different smartphones are decomposed by DT-CWT. Then, the characteristics and statistics of the wavelet domain signal are exploited to create robust features. Next, the support vector machine (SVM) is used to classify the smartphones. The classification accuracy is demonstrated by varying channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the size of transient duration. Results show that reasonable accuracy can be achieved (lower bound of 88%) even with short transient duration (1024 samples) at low SNRs (0-5 dB).Data Paper Citation - WoS: 42Citation - Scopus: 62A Database for the Radio Frequency Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Devices(Mdpi, 2020) Uzundurukan, Emre; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, AliRadio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) is a promising physical layer protection technique which can be used to defend wireless networks from malicious attacks. It is based on the use of the distinctive features of the physical waveforms (signals) transmitted from wireless devices in order to classify authorized users. The most important requirement to develop an RFF method is the existence of a precise, robust, and extensive database of the emitted signals. In this context, this paper introduces a database consisting of Bluetooth (BT) signals collected at different sampling rates from 27 different smartphones (six manufacturers with several models for each). Firstly, the data acquisition system to create the database is described in detail. Then, the two well-known methods based on transient BT signals are experimentally tested by using the provided data to check their solidity. The results show that the created database may be useful for many researchers working on the development of the RFF of BT devices.Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 19Performance Analysis of Modular Rf Front End for Rf Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Devices(Springer, 2020) Uzundurukan, Emre; Ali, Aysha M.; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, AliRadio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) could provide an efficient solution to address the security issues in wireless networks. The data acquisition system constitutes an important part of RFF. In this context, this paper presents an implementation of a modular RF front end system to be used in data acquisition for RFF. Modularity of the system provides flexible implementation options to suit diverse frequency bands with different applications. Moreover, the system is able to collect data by means of any digitizer, and enable to record the data at lower frequencies. Therefore, proposed RF front end system becomes a low-cost alternative to existing devices used in data acquisition. In its implementation, Bluetooth (BT) signals were used. Initially, transients of BT signals were detected by utilizing a large number of BT devices (smartphones). From the detected transients, distinctive signal features were extracted. Then, support vector machine (SVM) and neural networks (NN) classifiers were implemented to the extracted features for evaluating the feasibility of proposed system in RFF. As a result, 96.9% and 96.5% classification accuracies on BT devices have been demonstrated for SVM and NN classifiers respectively.Master Thesis Bluetooth Sinyanlerinin Radyo Frekansı Parmak İzi Kontrolünde Dalgacık Ayrıştırma Kullanımı(2021) Al-mashaqbeh, Hemam; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, AliBu tez, Bluetooth (BT) sinyallerine dayalı olarak cep telefonları gibi belirli cihazları tanımlamak için Radyo Frekansı Parmak izi (RFF) kontrolünü çıkarmak ve kullanmak için yeni bir Açık Sistem Bağlantısı (OSI) Fiziksel (PHY) katman şemasını ele almaktadır. İlk olarak, cep telefonlarından deneysel olarak toplanan BT geçici sinyallerinden parmak izi öznitelikleri çıkarılmıştır. Geçici Bluetooth sinyallerini analiz ettikten sonra, Bluetooth sinyallerini ayrıştırmak için Çift-Ağaç Karmaşık Dalgacık Dönüşümü (DT-CWT) kullanılmıştır. Hem zaman alanı (TD) hem de dalgacık alanı (WD) sinyallerinden öznitelik çıkarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra sınıflandırma için destekçi vektör makinesi (SVM) sınıflandırıcısı kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra, zaman alanı (TD) ve dalgacık alanı (WD) BT sinyalleri için elde edilen sınıflandırma sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Deneyler, düşük SNR (0 < SNR< 5 dB), orta SNR (5 < SNR < 15 dB), yüksek SNR (15 < SNR < 25 dB) ve çok yüksek gibi farklı SNR seviyeleri ile farklı geçici süreler altında gerçekleştirilmiştir. SNR (25 < SNR < 35 dB). Elde edilen sonuçlar, düşük SNR seviyelerinde kısa geçici sürelerle bile WD'de (en az %88) makul bir doğruluk elde etmenin mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir. TD BT sinyalleri için elde edilen sonuçlarla karşılaştırıldığında, WD BT sinyalleri için daha iyi algılama doğruluğu elde edildiği açıkça görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, DT-CWT kullanımının BT sinyallerinin RF parmak izini çıkarmada açıkça kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
