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Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 10Space Efficiency in Timber Office Buildings(Elsevier, 2024) Aslantamer, Ozlem Nur; Ilgin, Huseyin EmreTimber offices indicate a growing field, principally thanks to their potential to offer noteworthy ecological and financial gains over their entire life. Like many other building types, space efficiency is a crucial design parameter in timber structures to ensure a project's feasibility. This factor is especially significant in office buildings, where maximizing rental income reflects effective planning. Currently, there is a lack of exhaustive inquiry providing a thorough insight of space efficiency in modern timber office buildings. This study fills this gap in the literature by collecting data from 33 buildings through literature reviews and case study method to investigate space efficiency with the key architectural and structural factors that influence it. The results showed that: (i) central cores stood out as the prevailing core layouts, while peripheral arrangements were noted as alternative preferences. Prismatic shapes emerged as the most favored options; (ii) timber was extensively used as a primary building material, closely followed by combinations of timber and concrete. Load-bearing systems mainly relied on shear walled frames and configurations; (iii) average space utilization across examined cases was 88 %, with variances ranging from 75 % to 95 % among different instances; (iv) average ratio of core area to GFA was 10 %, showing variations between 4 % and 19 % across various scenarios; and (v) there were no substantial variances noted in the effect of different core planning strategies on spatial efficiency. Similar conclusions were drawn regarding building forms and structural materials. Our paper will assist in crafting design principles customized for diverse stakeholders, including architectural designers of timber offices.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 11Analysis of Space Efficiency in High-Rise Timber Residential Towers(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Hueseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurHigh-rise timber residential towers (>= eight-stories) represent a burgeoning and auspicious sector, predominantly due to their capability to provide significant ecological and financial advantages throughout their lifecycle. Like numerous other building types, spatial optimization in high-rise timber residential structures stands as a pivotal design factor essential for project viability. Presently, there exists no comprehensive investigation on space efficiency in such towers. This study analyzed data from 51 case studies to enhance understanding of the design considerations influencing space efficiency in high-rise timber residential towers. Key findings included (1) the average space efficiency within the examined cases was recorded at 83%, exhibiting variances ranging from 70% to 93% across different cases, (2) the average percentage of core area to gross floor area (GFA) was calculated at 10%, demonstrating fluctuations within the range of 4% to 21% across diverse scenarios, and (3) no notable distinction was observed in the effect of various core planning strategies on spatial efficiency when properly designed, and similar conclusions were drawn regarding building forms and structural materials. This research will aid in formulating design guidelines tailored for various stakeholders such as architectural designers involved in high-rise residential timber building developments.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 10Space Efficiency in North American Skyscrapers(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurSpace efficiency in North American skyscrapers is crucial due to financial, societal, and ecological reasons. High land prices in major cities require maximizing every square foot for financial viability. Skyscrapers must accommodate growing populations within limited spaces, reducing urban sprawl and its associated issues. Efficient designs also support environmental sustainability and enhance city aesthetics, while optimizing infrastructure and services. However, no comprehensive study has examined the key architectural and structural features impacting the space efficiency of these towers in North America. This paper fills this gap by analyzing data from 31 case study skyscrapers. Findings indicated that (1) central core was frequently employed in the organization of service core; (2) most common forms were setback, prismatic, and tapered configurations; (3) outriggered frame and shear walled frame systems were mostly used; (4) concrete was the material in most cases; and (5) average space efficiency was 76%, and the percentage of core area to gross floor area (GFA) averaged 21%, from the lowest of 62% and 13% to the highest of 84% and 31%. It is expected that this paper will aid architectural and structural designers, and builders involved in shaping skyscrapers in North America.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 3Space Efficiency in European High-Rise Timber Buildings(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurAs towering wooden edifices (>= 8 stories) become a rapidly expanding and promising field, they provide substantial environmental and economic advantages throughout their entire lifespans, leading to their increasing popularity, especially in the European context. Similar to various other construction forms, spatial efficiency is a vital design criterion in timber buildings to guarantee the viability of a project. Currently, there is no thorough study on spatial efficiency in these towers in Europe, which is home to the majority of the world's timber towers. This paper examined data from 56 cases to improve comprehension of the planning factors affecting space efficiency in these buildings. The main findings showed that the average space efficiency across the analyzed examples was documented at 82%, with deviations spanning from 70% to 90%, the average core area to gross floor area (GFA) ratio was determined to be 11%, ranging from 4% to 21%, and no substantial difference was noted in the impact of core arrangements on space efficiency, and parallel findings were observed for forms and construction materials. This article aspires to provide architectural designers with essential perspectives, assisting and directing them in the conception and realization of upcoming ventures both across Europe and internationally in this domain.Article Citation - WoS: 13Citation - Scopus: 13Investigating Space Utilization in Skyscrapers Designed with Prismatic Form(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Hueseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurThe enduring appeal of prismatic shapes, historically prevalent in office building designs, persists in contemporary skyscraper architecture, which is attributed particularly to their advantageous aspects concerning cost-efficiency and optimal space utilization. Space efficiency is a crucial factor in prismatic skyscraper design, carrying substantial implications for sustainability. However, the current academic literature lacks a complete exploration of space efficiency in supertall towers with prismatic forms, despite their widespread use. This paper seeks to address this significant gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of data gathered from a carefully selected set of 35 case studies. The primary discoveries presented in this paper are outlined as follows: (i) average space efficiency stood at approximately 72%, covering a range that extended from 56% to 84%; (ii) average core to gross floor area ratio averaged around 24%, spanning a spectrum that ranged from 12% to 36%; (iii) the majority of prismatic skyscrapers utilized a central core approach, mainly customized for residential use; (iv) the dominant structural system observed in the analyzed cases was the outriggered frame system, with concrete being the commonly utilized material for the structural components; and (v) the impact of diverse structural systems on space efficiency showed no significant deviation, although differences in function led to variations in average space efficiency. The authors expect that these findings will provide valuable guidance, especially for architects, as they strive to enhance the sustainable planning of prismatic towers.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 7High-Rise Timber Offices: Main Architectural and Structural Design Parameters(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Hueseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurHigh-rise office structures constructed using timber material (with a minimum of eight stories) signify a burgeoning and favorable sector, mainly owing to their ability to offer substantial environmental and economic advantages across their lifespan. However, it is crucial to recognize that the current corpus of scholarly literature lacks a thorough investigation into vital aspects concerning the architectural and structural planning of these sustainable structures. In an effort to fill this gap and augment the understanding of advancing international tendencies, this paper delved into data originating from 27 high-rise offices on a worldwide scale. The primary findings were: (i) Central core arrangements were the most popular, accounting for 67%, followed by peripheral types at 22%. (ii) Prismatic designs were the most frequently used at 85%, with free forms making up 11%. (iii) Material combinations involving timber and concrete were widely prevalent, making up 70% of composite constructions, which were 74% of the sample group, with pure timber constructions at 26%. (iv) Structural systems predominantly utilized shear walled frame systems, comprising 85% of the total. This article serves as a valuable resource for architectural designers, offering guidance on planning and executing future sustainable developments in the domain of high-rise timber office.Review Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 4Comparative Analysis of Space Efficiency in Skyscrapers With Prismatic, Tapered, and Free Forms(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurThis study offers a thorough comparative analysis of space efficiency in skyscrapers across three distinct forms: prismatic, tapered, and free. By examining case studies from each form category, this research investigates how architectural and structural design features impact space utilization in supertall towers. The findings reveal form-based differences in space efficiency and design element usage. In prismatic skyscrapers, which are primarily residential and utilize concrete outrigger frames, the average space efficiency was around 72%, with the core occupying 24% of the gross floor area (GFA). Tapered skyscrapers, commonly mixed-use with composite outrigger frames, showed an average space efficiency of over 70%, with a core-to-GFA ratio of 26%. Freeform towers, often mixed-use and using composite outrigger frames, demonstrated a space efficiency of 71%, with an average core-to-GFA ratio of 26%. Despite these variations, a consistent trend emerged: as the height of a building increases, there is a general decline in space efficiency, highlighting the challenges in optimizing space in taller structures. This analysis adds to the understanding of skyscraper design and space utilization, providing important insights for architects and urban planners aiming to improve the efficiency of future high-rise developments.Article Analyzing Space Efficiency in Japanese Tall Buildings(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurSpace efficiency in Japanese tall buildings holds substantial significance, shaped by financial, societal, and environmental imperatives. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies addressing spatial efficiency in such towers remain scarce. To bridge this gap, this article undertakes a quantitative spatial analysis of 40 Japanese tall buildings through BIM/CAD-based floor plan evaluations and comparison of net-to-gross and core-to-GFA efficiency ratios. Key findings include: (1) mixed-use and office typologies, central cores, and prismatic massing dominate contemporary Japanese high-rise design; (2) composite structures with shear-walled frame systems are prevalent; and (3) the average net-to-gross ratio is 75%, with core areas occupying 23% of total GFA. The efficiency metrics range from 64% to 85% for net-to-gross ratios, and from 13% to 34% for core-to-GFA ratios. This research offers practical insights for stakeholders - especially architects and planners - to support more efficient and sustainable high-rise design strategies in Japan.Article Evaluating Space Efficiency Practices in Tehran's High-Rise Buildings: A Structural and Architectural Perspective(Wiley, 2025) Mazaherylaghab, Hamed; Haghi, Marzieh; Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurSpatial efficiency in Tehran's high-rise building design is shaped by a complex blend of multiple factors such as architectural and structural considerations. Tehran's innovative and flexible strategies have allowed the city to address the complexities of high-rise design considerations, resulting in the creation of some of the most progressive and sustainable tall buildings in the Middle East. However, detailed studies on space utilization in Tehran's tall towers remain scarce. This article addresses this gap by analyzing 48 case study towers, revealing key trends such as the dominance of residential functions, central core designs, prismatic forms, and the frequent use of steel rigid frame systems. The analysis revealed an average spatial efficiency of 91% in Tehran's towers, with a core-to-GFA (gross floor area) ratio of only 6%, exceeding typical efficiency ratios observed in other regions, though shaped by Tehran's specific urban and economic context. These findings promote sustainability and provide crucial insights for construction professionals, supporting the informed decision-making process for tall building projects in Tehran and other densely urbanized areas.Review Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Spatial Effectiveness in High-Rise Timber Towers: a Global Perspective(Mdpi, 2024) Ilgin, Huseyin Emre; Aslantamer, Ozlem NurHigh-rise timber structures signify a rising trend, thanks to their significant environmental and economic advantages that occur over their complete lifespan. Enhancing spatial effectiveness in these structures is a critical design consideration for project feasibility. Currently, there has been no comprehensive study on the space efficiency of such towers. This article analyzed 79 cases all over the world to deepen the knowledge of design features shaping spatial efficiency. The critical findings are as follows: (1) the most common architectural preferences include residential function, a centrally located service core, and prismatic arrangements; (2) the preferred structural material is composite, while a shear walled frame system is the favored structural system; (3) the average spatial efficiency and percentage of core area to GFA were recorded at 84% and 10%, ranging from the lowest values of 70% and 4% to the highest values of 95% and 21%, respectively; and (4) no significant differences were detected in the effect of core design approaches on spatial effectiveness if appropriately planned, with similar inferences drawn concerning form and the structural material used. This article will assist in developing design directions for different interested parties, including architectural designers taking part in the advancement of high-rise timber towers.