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Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 14Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Future Directions(Springer, 2025) Dehghani, Sam; Ocakci, Ozgecan; Hatipoglu, Pars Tan; Ozalp, Veli Cengiz; Tevlek, AtakanNeurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS rank among the most challenging global health issues, marked by substantial obstacles in early diagnosis and effective treatment. Current diagnostic techniques frequently demonstrate inadequate sensitivity and specificity, whilst conventional treatment strategies encounter challenges related to restricted bioavailability and insufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, exosomes-nanoscale vesicles packed with proteins, RNAs, and lipids-have emerged as promising agents with the potential to reshape diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these diseases. Unlike conventional drug carriers, they naturally traverse the BBB and can deliver bioactive molecules to affected neural cells. Their molecular cargo can influence cell signaling, reduce neuroinflammation, and potentially slow neurodegenerative progression. Moreover, exosomes serve as non-invasive biomarkers, enabling early and precise diagnosis while allowing real-time disease monitoring. Additionally, engineered exosomes, loaded with therapeutic molecules, enhance this capability by targeting diseased neurons and overcoming conventional treatment barriers. By offering enhanced specificity, reduced immunogenicity, and an ability to bypass physiological limitations, exosome-based strategies present a transformative advantage over existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review examines the multifaceted role of exosomes in NDDs, emphasizing their diagnostic capabilities, intrinsic therapeutic functions, and transformative potential as advanced treatment vehicles.Review Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Diagnostic Use of Circulating Cells and Sub-Cellular Bio-Particles(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Tevlek, AtakanIn the bloodstream or other physiological fluids, "circulating cells and sub-cellular bio-particles" include many microscopic biological elements such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, microRNAs, platelets, immune cells, and proteins are the most well-known and investigated. These structures are crucial biomarkers in healthcare and medical research for the early detection of cancer and other disorders, enabling treatment to commence before the onset of clinical symptoms and enhancing the efficacy of treatments. As the size of these biomarkers to be detected decreases and their numbers in body fluids diminishes, the detection materials, ranging from visual inspection to advanced microscopy techniques, begin to become smaller, more sensitive, faster, and more effective, thanks to developing nanotechnology. This review first defines the circulating cells and subcellular bio-particles with their biological, physical, and mechanical properties and second focuses on their diagnostic importance, including their most recent applications as biomarkers, the biosensors that are utilized to detect them, the present obstacles that must be surmounted, and prospective developments in the domain. As technology advances and biomolecular pathways are deepens, diagnostic tests will become more sensitive, specific, and thorough. Finally, integrating recent advances in the diagnostic use of circulating cells and bioparticles into clinical practice is promising for precision medicine and patient outcomes.