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Article Citation - WoS: 13Citation - Scopus: 13Effect of Aging Treatment on the Microstructure, Cracking Type and Crystallographic Texture of In939 Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam(Elsevier, 2024) Ozer, Seren; Dogu, Merve Nur; Ozdemirel, Ceren; Bilgin, Guney Mert; Gunes, Mert; Davut, Kemal; Brabazon, DermotThis study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how aging treatments (namely, HT1 and HT2) affect the microstructure, cracking behavior, and crystallographic texture of IN939 fabricated by powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) method. Although both aged samples demonstrated similar grain structure and recrystallization behavior according to the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, as well as the precipitation of bimodal gamma ' phase and MC- and M23C6-type carbides, notable differences were observed in the size and morphology, particularly the gamma ' phase. The HT1 sample displayed coarsened primary gamma ' phase, with sizes reaching up to 2 mu m and exhibiting varied morphologies, including irregular and cuboidal shapes. Additionally, this treatment led to the formation of some gamma '-gamma eutectic regions and plate-like eta phase, along with the decomposition of MC-type carbides into M23C6-type carbides. In contrast, the HT2 sample displayed uniformly distributed spherical primary gamma ' phase with sizes ranging from 70 to 120 nm, accompanied by very fine secondary gamma ' phase. Furthermore, it was found that changes in both aged sample microstructures could result in the formation of strain-age cracks due to the gamma ' phase formation and liquation cracks due to the partial remelting of lower melting point phases. The findings also revealed that with the application of aging treatments, the hardness of the as-fabricated sample (339.8 +/- 3.4 HV) increased to 440.2 +/- 5.6 HV and 508.1 +/- 4.8 HV for the heat treatment of HT1 and HT2, respectively.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 9A Comprehensive Study of the Effect of Scanning Strategy on In939 Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam(Elsevier, 2024) Dogu, Merve Nur; Ozer, Seren; Yalcin, Mustafa Alp; Davut, Kemal; Obeidi, Muhannad Ahmed; Simsir, Caner; Brabazon, DermotThis study provides a comprehensive investigation into the effects of different scanning strategies on the material properties of IN939 fabricated using the PBF-LB process. The scanning strategies examined included alternating bi-directional scanning with rotation angles of 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 67 degrees, and 90 degrees between adjacent layers (named as shown), as well as alternating chessboard scanning with rotation angles of 67 degrees and 90 degrees (named as Q67 degrees and Q90 degrees). The results revealed that the 45 degrees and 67 degrees samples had the highest relative density, while the 0 degrees and Q67 degrees samples showed the highest average porosity. Moreover, various types of cracks, including solidification, solid-state, and oxide-induced cracks, were observed. Among the bi-directional scan samples, the 0 degrees sample displayed the most extensive cracking and the highest sigma max residual stress values in both XZ and XY planes. Conversely, the 45 degrees and 67 degrees samples exhibited fewer cracks. Notably, the lowest sigma max residual stress in the XZ planes among the bidirectional scan samples was observed in the 67 degrees sample. Additionally, microstructural analyses indicated differences in grain size and morphology, among the samples. Texture analysis indicated that the 0 degrees and 90 degrees samples exhibited strong cube textures, whereas the texture intensity weakened for the 45 degrees and 67 degrees samples. Moreover, the alternating chessboard scanning strategy led to rougher surfaces (higher Sa and Sz values) compared to the alternating bi-directional scanning strategy, regardless of the rotation angles. Furthermore, the microhardness values among the samples showed minimal variance, ranging between 321 + 14 HV and 356+ 7 HV.
