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Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 1A Close Examination of Ankara's Reinforced Concrete Buildings Designed and Constructed Between 1923 and 1938(Mdpi, 2023) Tunc, Gokhan; Tunc, Tanfer EminThe Republic of Turkey was established in 1923 out of the remains of the Ottoman Empire. Between 1923 and 1938, the Turkish republic underwent fifteen years of rapid expansion and growth, with Ankara as its new capital and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) as its first president. During this period, reinforced concrete (RC) played a significant role in the construction of Ankara's public-use buildings. This study focuses on 57 of these structures, built either partially, or entirely, out of RC. The buildings are classified with respect to their duration, soil properties, foundation types, structural design details, construction types, materials and overall costs. In order to provide a better picture of the time period in which these buildings were designed and constructed, the technical, financial and political aspects of the projects, and the difficulties and challenges involved in their design and construction, are also discussed. Furthermore, this study outlines the impact of foreign engineers, construction workers, firms and the educational system on the development of civil engineering and use of RC in Turkey.Article Citation - WoS: 1A Different Experience in the Build-Sell Process: Casae Study Ankara(Open House int, 2018) Resuloglu, Cilga; Interior Architecture and Environmental DesignDuring the post-World War II period, Turkey's housing supply models were limited to individual housings. Three main trends in the construction industry helped overcome this limitation to a certain extent. These were cooperative societies, spontaneous squatter housing and the build-sell process. Build-sell process later became the most obvious reflection of urban transformation in the 1950s and 1960s. Within this context, this study examines the housing policy of the period and the build-sell process as well as the Rer-1 Apartment Block designed in line with the build-sell process. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was designed and implemented by architect Nejat Ersin between the years 1962-1964, and was constructed in Asagi Ayranci District in Ankara. This specific apartment block was examined as an extraordinary example of the build-sell process - which rejects architectural concerns and prioritises profits - as it still incorporated such concerns despite being designed adhering to logic of the build-sell process. For the purpose of this study, an oral history study was conducted with Nejat Ersin. It was, therefore, possible to evaluate Nejat Ersin's apartment block, presenting a new experience in the build-sell context, within the scope of era's social, cultural, political and economic conjecture. The Rer-1 Apartment Block was scrutinized from the build-sell process aspect within the scope of the architect's professional approach.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Friction Space and the Re(dis)covery of Urban Roads(Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, 2022) Butuner, Funda Bas; Guneri, Gizem DenizFor the majority of cities worldwide, car-based mobility has begun to be replaced by alternative mobility modes. This process has augmented the lens for infrastructural topics, and placed infrastructure's latent potentiality at the forefront. Car-dependent infrastructure, however, persists in and conditions urbanism in many others. For such cities, the encounter of roads with the city and human-scale spaces raises critical ground in need of new strategies, particularly to mediate the relation between roads and their vicinities. This article, hereby, dwells on the interfacial relations and spaces betwixt urban roads and relational geographies, conceptualizing friction as a spatial notion. In this, the study departs from the conflicting presence of urban roads in Ankara. Dwelling on two Boulevards-Ataturk and Malazgirt-the article reflects on the obscured spatial, cultural, and social conditions caused by frictionless mobility strategies over time. It uncovers and accentuates the urgency of friction space strategies to claim infrastructural terrains and re(dis)cover severed or missing continuities (in Ankara).Article Citation - WoS: 2Wonderland Eurasia: Theme Parks and Neo-Ottoman Identity Politics in Ankara, Turkey(Univ Newcastle, 2020) Tunc, Tanfer Emin; Tunc, GokhanWith an area of 1.3 km(2) or 320 acres, Wonderland Eurasia, which is located in Ankara, Turkey, has been advertised as the largest theme park in Europe and Asia. Almost a decade in the making, it was completed in 2019 at a cost of approximately $250 to $350 million USD (1.5 to 2 billion Turkish Lira) and is seen by supporters as having the potential to boost the sagging tourism industry. This study, which is based on a July 2019 site visit to the theme park, will illustrate, however, that Wonderland Eurasia is much more complicated than appearances suggest. The authors argue that by deploying the imperial glory of the Ottoman Empire, the park constructs an artificial narrative of continuity that connects the past (through Seljuk and even prehistoric themes), to the present, and future (through robotic themes). This is not only meant to symbolically reinforce Turkey's position as a regional 'wonderland'-a social, economic, and cultural powerhouse with grand foreign policy aspirations-but in the process, is also designed to promote a neoliberal Neo-Ottomanism that involves an identity politics of historical elision and selective erasure. Tanfer Emin Tunc is a Professor in the Department of American Culture and Literature at Hacettepe University in Ankara. Gokhan Tunc is an Assistant Professor in the Dept. Of Civil Engineering at the Atilim University in Ankara.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Alternative Solutions for Urban Housing: the Case of Batikent Settlement, Ankara, Turkey(Wit Press, 2017) Atici, MelikeThe present study is an effort to remember and reveal the potentials of Batikent settlement which was realized in the west part of the capital city of Turkey, Ankara in 1980s. In the period after 2nd World War, big cities in Turkey, like many other countries, entered in the process of rapid urbanization under the influence of mechanization in agriculture and migration from rural to urban areas. Increase in the population of cities and scarcity of shelter brought with the emergence of squatter areas. Batikent settlement was developed as a flagship solution to this housing problem and established a precedent with its model of implementation for future urban cohabitations. Batikent, as a new settlement area, was initiated by Municipality of Ankara and developed a never-before-seen operational model with three main collaborators: central government, municipality and association of housing cooperatives (Kent-Koop). Separation of roles - such as passing fiscal and housing laws, providing financial support, expropriation of land, constructing technical infrastructure, establishing municipal and commercial services, preparing master plan and designing site and house plans - through these collaborators provided this new mass development project with effective, practical and economical solutions. This study will focus on how Batikent was developed as a platform for innovation with the operational model based on dialogue between different parties. Collection of plans from master plans to layouts of apartments, meeting notes and feasibility studies documented and published by Kent-Koop will be used in this study to achieve a better understanding of the planning process of this exemplary quarter.Article Urbanity in the Open Spaces in Developing Nodes Along Main Arteries: Sogutozu Node on Dumlupinar Road in Ankara(Middle East Technical Univ, 2022) Alanyali Aral, Ela; Uysal Bilge, Fulay; Dogu Demirbas, Guler UfukThe effects of the main transportation arteries on the urban sprawl and the formation of new public spaces is an important topic of discussion today. Considering the urban roads, major arteries trigger fast development and the formation of a significant amount of urban open space together with buildings. Vehicular roads are the main elements that bring out urbanity and centrality by providing a combination of circulation at different speeds and making possible the interaction of users from local and remote areas ( Jacobs, 1969; Nijenhuis, 1994 and Read, 2006). In this context, sub-spaces were defined as public spaces that are beside / under / above / between / within vehicular roads and the sub-space perceptions of pedestrians in the case of the closest part of Ankara Eskisehir Road to the city center, were investigated in an earlier study (Alanyali Aral and Demirbas, 2015). In the current study, Sogutozu is defined as a developing node with its rapidly increasing built stock and function density on one of the most important transportation arteries of the city, and its urban features are discussed within the scope of the emerging open spaces. Despite the unsuitable conditions, Sogutozu node displays a constant pedestrian density, and with this feature, it exemplifies 'activity' as an important indicator, which Montgomery (1998) defines as one of the three components of the concept of 'urbanity'. Accordingly, a conceptual framework is developed on the characteristics of urbanity, activity and public space, and then the components of the open space stock are discussed within the scope of spaces of 'places' and 'flows' (Nijhuis and Jauslin, 2015) specific to developing nodes. Spaces of 'places' in developing nodes include privately owned public use spaces, in-between spaces and informal public spaces-'fourth place's (Aelbrecht, 2016). The spaces of the 'flows', on the other hand, are discussed as pedestrian spaces that enhance urbanity. In the case study, firstly the historical and current development of Sogutozu node is examined, and then a comprehensive model based on the relevant pedestrian needs is suggested to evaluate the activity-based urbanity the node. The defining elements of the activity-based urbanity are explored via map analysis and on-site observations, whereas the pedestrian perceptions in the node are investigated with the applied questionnaires. The results show that the pedestrian experience is negatively affected due to the conditional and intermittent pedestrian access, as well as the inability to provide physical, psychological and physiological comfort; nevertheless, many and various activities add vitality to the area which result in many informal public spaces (fourth places) formed at the entrances and transitions to the public and semi-public spaces. The questionnaire survey, which was conducted with fewer but still comparable numbers of users due to the pandemic conditions, included the pedestrian perception questions in the survey conducted in 2005-2007. It is seen that although today the perception of traffic such as noise increased slightly, the perception of air pollution and traffic safety problems decreased. Additionally, the perception of public space qualities like well-known and dynamic / lively spaces increased significantly and constituted the most common perception after the perception of noisy / tiresome space. The results reveal that open spaces in the node of Sogutozu, where mixed use, large-scale and fragmented complexes are dominant, cannot provide environmental and internal continuity as well as appropriate walking environment within the framework of activity-based urbanization, and thus necessitate a holistic urban design approach. The urbanism formed in this rapidly developing node can be enhanced by temporal and spatial continuities; in addition to provision of pedestrian comfort with the arrangements to reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle dominance. The overall evaluation validates that the open spaces in the node should be enriched with accessible spaces for all users, carefully designed indoor-outdoor relations, cultural uses, small-scale businesses and activities spanning time.
