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Article Exploring the Role of Search Experience and Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Self-Esteem: a Latent Growth Modelling Approach(Sage Publications inc, 2025) Akgun, Mahir; Toker, SacipIn this study, we seek to contribute to a broader understanding of the processes and contexts that lead to inflated judgments of cognitive ability in human-computer partnerships. We conducted a within-subject experiment design study with 164 college students in order to explore the impact of the search experience on cognitive self-esteem (CSE). Our preliminary findings revealed that search experience is an important factor that influences individuals' perception of their abilities to answer questions. This influence was observed regardless of whether they have access to search tools or not. However, search experience does not explain the significant change in CSE that we found between "access" and "no access" (to search tools) conditions.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 32What foresees college students' tendency to use facebook for diverse educational purposes?(Springer, 2019) Toker, Sacip; Baturay, Meltem HuriThe present study investigates some factors affecting college students' tendency to use Facebook for different educational purposes. We reached 120 participants who were college students. Our sample comprised of 63 (52.5%) females and 57 (47.5%) males. We applied convenience sampling technique and an online questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling using IBM SPSS AMOS were utilized. The findings provide that GPA, Personal Use of Facebook for Studying and Socialization, Autonomy Psychological Need, and Academic Procrastination foresee college students' willingness to use Facebook in their courses. GPA and Personal Use of Facebook for studying are the most influential factors while Autonomy Psychological Need is the least impactful. We also examined the impact of these factors on different educational use types of Facebook: communication, collaboration, resources and material sharing. The results are discussed, and further recommendations for future research and implications are presented in the current study.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Predictors of E-Democracy Applicability in Turkish K-12 Schools(Springer, 2022) Sendag, Serkan; Toker, Sacip; Uredi, Lutfi; Islim, Omer FarukToday, the COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way for a more democratic climate in K-12 schools. Administrators and teachers have had to seek out new ways through which to interact. This raises two questions; "What about the quality of interaction and participation in decision-making?" and "Which factors affect the level of participation in decision-making?" The aim of the current research is to determine the factors that predict the applicability level of e-democracy (i.e., "reporting and declaring opinions" and "decision-making") in K-12 schools. An associational research design was used in order to attain the main goal of the study, with Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) technique used to analyze the factors predicting the applicability level of e-democracy. Data were collected from a total of 765 inservice K-12 teachers through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. DFA results showed "motivation to participate," "the level of participatory democracy in the country," and higher levels of the "use of Twitter" as the significant determinants of different levels of e-democracy application. Moreover, the results also indicated that those participants with the belief of e-democracy's applicability at the decision-making level found the "motivation level of stakeholders" to be the most critical. Their level of Twitter use was higher. They also believed that the level of participatory democracy in the country was at a higher level. Another result of the DFA pointed to "security and ethical issues," and lower levels of the "use of Twitter" as factors differentiating the group believing that e-democracy can be applicable with reporting and the declaration of opinions to administrators from the other groups. The discussions highlighted the critical role of participation level in e-democracy within K-12 schools.Article Citation - WoS: 58Citation - Scopus: 74Internet Addiction Among College Students: Some Causes and Effects(Springer, 2019) Baturay, Meltem Huri; Toker, SacipInternet addiction among college students in terms of causes and effects are investigated. Correlation study method is utilized; structural equation modelling is applied to analyze the data. There are fifteen hypotheses generated for the model. The data is collected via numerous instruments proven as reliable and valid by the previous studies. There are 159 undergraduate students as participants of the study. Antecedent variables are game addiction, bad relationships with friends, family and professors, neglecting daily chores, hindrance of sleep pattern, use internet for researching, weekly internet use hours, leisure time activities, reading and playing computer games. Consequence variables are self-esteem, self-confidence, social self-efficacy, loneliness, and academic self-efficacy. The results indicates that game addiction, neglecting daily chores, bad relationships with professors are significantly associated with internet addiction. Internet addiction decreases one's self-esteem, self-confidence, social self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy and triggers loneliness. Parents, professors and educational institutions may be illuminated about prevention or monitoring of internet addiction. The current study investigates Internet addiction with respect to its implications for social behavioral, and psychological phenomenon but not in a clinical sense. Hence, studies on Internet addiction merely concentrate on antecedents and features that may cause more addiction; however, both antecedents and consequences are not examined. The value of the current study is to provide more systematic, comprehensive, and theory-based empirical causations via structural equation models. The model may help to diagnose Internet Addiction and illuminate college students its potential harmful socio-psychological consequences.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 8The progress of 21st-century skills throughout instructional design projects: a quasi-experimental comparison of rapid prototyping and dick and carey models(Springer, 2022) Toker, SacipThis study investigates the association between instructional design projects and 21st-Century skills. A causal-comparative design was utilised. The participants were 85 computer education and instructional technology department students who registered for a core instructional design course. The participants are divided into two groups: Rapid prototyping model - RPM (n = 47) and Dick and Carey model - DCM (n = 38). The RPM group were assigned to character education topics and developed e-books; the DCM group were assigned to several college-level topics included and developed digital materials. The DCM group significantly improved their life and career skills compared to the RPM group. The results show that the participants demonstrated an increase in time management skills and a decrease in cooperation process skills in both groups.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 3Enhancing Language Proficiency Through Mobile Extensive Listening and Podcasting: a Multifaceted Approach To Metacognition and Critical Thinking(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Sendag, Serkan; Caner, Mustafa; Gedik, Nuray; Toker, SacipMobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has gained considerable attention in foreign and second-language education. As part of a two-year project, this study employed a mixed-methods research design with 60 B2-level learners of English as a foreign language. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of repetitive listening and listening duration on participants' listening comprehension, speaking, critical thinking, listening strategies, and self-regulated learning strategies. The participants were divided into two groups, with the experimental group (n = 30) participating in the innovative Mobile Extensive Listening and Podcasting (MELAP) intervention. MELAP is a novel approach within the MALL framework that involves extensive listening to podcasts in the target language, content creation, and podcasting. The ten-week treatment revealed that unlike in previous studies, our experimental group improved not only in listening comprehension but also demonstrated significant gains in speaking skills and critical thinking. Notably, enhanced critical thinking skills were observed, correlated with an increased total listening duration and repeated extensive listening. Qualitative data analysis sheds light on how participants viewed the MELAP intervention, revealing what motivated them, what distractions they faced, and their opinions on developing and sharing podcasts. These findings emphasize the potential of the MELAP to enhance language skills and foster critical thinking in language learners, contributing to the ongoing discourse on the effectiveness of MALL.Article Moocs and Economic Disadvantage: a Path Analysis of 3.5 Million Mitx Learners(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Cagiltay, Nergiz Ercil; Toker, Sacip; Cagiltay, KursatMassive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) are offered by universities and companies to provide quality education to anyone, anyplace and at any time. The impact of economic disadvantage on these courses has not been fully explored despite several studies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of country's income level on the success of 3,523,692 learners from 204 countries enrolled in 174 MITx MOOCs. The countries were classified as low- and lower-middle-income (L&LM) or high- and upper-middle-income (H&UM). A structural equation modelling with multigroup analysis conducted. The findings revealed that learners in the L&LM group performed better academically. Completion rates were 66% for L&LM and 25% for H&UM, and certification rates were 95% for L&LM and 99% for H&UM. This shows that L&LM learners may be more motivated because they believe MOOCs might help their careers. These results are essential for creating MOOCs that fit diverse learner demographics.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 13Factors affecting cyberloafing in computer laboratory teaching settings(Springer, 2021) Toker, Sacip; Baturay, Meltem HuriThis correlational study investigated the factors affecting cyberloafing behavior in an educational environment, specifically that of a computer laboratory teaching setting. A total of 272 students selected using convenience sampling responded to a questionnaire that collected data about cyberloafing behavior and student demographics, personality type, sense of belonging, motivation, locus of control and teacher evaluation (respect, activities, communication, motivation) as well as computer lab teaching settings and norms. The results indicated that students in computer lab teaching settings cyberloaf mainly for socialization, followed by personal business and news follow-up. Males cyberloaf more frequently than females, especially for personal business and news follow-up. As students' internet skills increase, so does their cyberloafing, particularly for personal business and socialization. A lack of instructor norms in computer lab lectures and student amotivation are also associated with increases in cyberloafing for personal business, whereas instructors' respect for students and negative attitudes towards cyberloafing are associated with decreases in cyberloafing for socialization. This paper discusses the study findings in detail and makes recommendations for additional research.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Reducing AI Plagiarism Through Assessment of Higher-Order Cognitive Skills(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Toker, Sacip; Akgun, MahiThis study examines whether assessments focused on higher-order cognitive skills can help reduce AI-driven plagiarism in educational settings. A total of 123 participants completed three tasks of increasing complexity, aligned with Bloom's taxonomy, across four groups: control, e-textbook, Google, and ChatGPT. Results from repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that both similarity scores and AI plagiarism percentages significantly declined as task complexity increased (p < .01). The ChatGPT group initially exhibited the highest AI plagiarism rates during lower-order tasks, but their performance improved on higher-order tasks requiring analysis, evaluation, and creation. These findings highlight a clear distinction between similarity scores and AI plagiarism detection, emphasising the need for combined evaluation methods. Overall, the study demonstrates that designing assessments to foster higher-order thinking offers an effective strategy for minimising plagiarism associated with generative AI tools, providing practical implications for academic integrity policies and instructional design.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 34Impact of Repetitive Listening, Listening-Aid and Podcast Length on Efl Podcast Listening(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Sendag, Serkan; Gedik, Nuray; Toker, SacipRepeated listening to English as a Foreign Language (EFL)/second language (L2) podcast has been recognized as cognitively beneficial, while it is usually perceived as boring by learners. As part of a two-year project funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Grant No:113K727), the present study examined the effects of EFL-podcast length, repetitive listening and a listening aid on the listening comprehension of Turkish pre-service EFL teachers. The study was conducted using a repeated measure experimental design with 29 pre service EFL teachers and 24 different "listening treatments". The listening activities were delivered via Tablet PCs in Lab conditions. Qualitative data was compiled at the end of the experiment as a complement to quantitative data in order to better understand the perceived attentional and motivational factors identified during the study. Data showed that podcast length, repetitive listening and use of a listening aid had a significant impact on listening comprehension. Although repetitive listening was perceived as boring, it helped to improve comprehension and attention, and podcast topics and the use of Tablet PCs were perceived as motivating. These findings highlight the notion that using a listening aid can facilitate listening comprehension and help to reduce the number of repetitions required to achieve similar levels of comprehension.
