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Article W-Band RCS Prediction of Small Objects: Comparing Two Widely Used Methods with Experimental Validation(Gazi University, 2025) Kara, Ali; Aydın, Elif; Yardım, Funda Ergün; Sezgin, DenizThis paper compares the accuracy of Shooting and Bouncing Rays and Electric Field Integral Equation methods for Radar Cross Section prediction of small objects at 77-81 GHz band. Existing studies on RCS prediction methods often lack comprehensive comparisons between computational and experimental results, particularly for small objects measured with a 77 GHz radar. This study addresses this gap by presenting an in-depth analysis of both simulation and measurement data. In this work, three targets with varying geometries and materials were measured with a frequency modulated continuous wave radar and simulated using Ansys HFSS and CST Studio Suite. The measurements were performed with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) frequency modulated continuous wave radar operating at 77–81 GHz. This study aims to emphasize the importance of considering both efficiency and accuracy when opting for an RCS prediction method. Overall, the outcomes of both methods have largely demonstrated good alignment. It has been noted that, while Shooting and Bouncing Rays method offers promising time-saving advantages, Electric Field Integral Equation method remains a valuable tool for complex geometries where precise results are crucial.Article Citation - WoS: 31Citation - Scopus: 40Variational Mode Decomposition-Based Radio Frequency Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Devices(Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2019) Aghnaiya, Alghannai; Ali, Aysha M.; Kara, AliRadio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) is based on identification of unique features of RF transient signals emitted by radio devices. RF transient signals of radio devices are short in duration, non-stationary and nonlinear time series. This paper evaluates the performance of RF fingerprinting method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD). For this purpose, VMD is used to decompose Bluetooth (BT) transient signals into a series of band-limited modes, and then, the transient signal is reconstructed from the modes. Higher order statistical (HOS) features are extracted from the complex form of reconstructed transients. Then, Linear Support Vector Machine (LVM) classifier is used to identify BT devices. The method has been tested experimentally with BT devices of different brands, models and series. The classification performance shows that VMD based RF fingerprinting method achieves better performance (at least 8% higher) than time-frequency-energy (TFED) distribution based methods such as Hilbert-Huang Transform. This is demonstrated with the same dataset but with smaller number of features (nine features) and slightly lower (2-3 dB) SNR levels.Doctoral Thesis mmDalga Radar Kullanarak Drone Sürülerinin İSAR Görüntülenmesi(2025) Çoruk, Remziye Büşra; Aydın, Elif; Kara, AliTeknolojide drone ve drone sürülerinin kullanımının artmasıyla birlikte, anti-drone teknolojilerinin kullanımı önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Ancak, sınırlı görüş alanına sahip senaryolarda drone ve drone sürülerinin tespiti literatürde kalıcı bir zorluk olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu tez, milimetre dalga (mmWave) frekans bantlarında yeniden oluşturulan drone sürülerinin Ters Sentetik Açıklıklı Radar (ISAR) görüntülerinin, oluşumlarına, boyutlarına ve yük yapılandırmalarına göre sınıflandırılmasına odaklanmaktadır. Drone sürülerinin ISAR görüntüleri, ANSYS Yüksek Frekanslı Yapısal Simülatör (HFSS) elektromanyetik simülasyon yazılımı kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Sürü yapıları, quadcopter dronlar kullanılarak modellenmiş ve oluşum tipleri, çizgi, çarpı, kare ve üçgen gibi temel geometrik şekillerle tasarlanmıştır. Sürülerdeki dronlar, orta, küçük ve mini olmak üzere üç boyutta kategorize edilmiştir. Ek olarak, yük dronları sürü yapılandırmalarına dahil edilmiştir. Yüksek çözünürlüklü ISAR görüntüleri elde etmek için radar ve simülasyon parametreleri optimize edilmiştir. Veri setini genişletmek için, ISAR görüntüleri çeşitli bakış açılarında (0° ila 350° arasında 10° artışlarla) oluşturulmuştur. ISAR görüntüleri kullanılarak sürü oluşumu tiplerinin belirlenmesi, görüntü tanıma aşamasında bir Evrişimsel Sinir Ağı (CNN) aracılığıyla gerçekleştirildi. Bunu takiben, nesne algılama aşamasında Sadece Bir Kez Bak (YOLO) algoritması kullanılarak drone boyutu ve yük tespiti gerçekleştirildi. Bu tezde elde edilen sonuçlar oldukça ümit vericidir. Genişletilmiş bir veri seti ve tespit algoritması sunarak, bu çalışma literatüre önemli katkıda bulunmaktadır.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 17Citation - Scopus: 23Maintenance, Sustainability and Extendibility in Virtual and Remote Laboratories(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Kara, Ali; Ozbek, Mehmet Efe; Cagiltay, Nergiz Ercil; Aydin, ElifThis study presents discussions on sustainability of Virtual and Remote Laboratories (VRL), and provides challenges toward maintenance of VRLs. Technical and pedagogical issues in extension and sustenance of VRLs are discussed with the experiences of the authors gained in the development of a VRL system, European Remote Radio Laboratory (ERRL) platform. Moreover, the study presents actions to be taken in sustenance plan and expendability of VRL system with the advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and educational technologies along with the needs of educators and learners in formal education. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 10Quality of Service Assessment: a Case Study on Performance Benchmarking of Cellular Network Operators in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2015) Kadioglu, Rana; Dalveren, Yaser; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali; Kara, Ali; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Department of Electrical & Electronics EngineeringThis paper presents findings on performance benchmarking of cellular network operators in Turkey. Benchmarking is based on measurements of standard key performance indicators (KPIs) in one of the metropolitan cities of Turkey, Ankara. Performance benchmarking is formulated by incorporating customer perception by conducting surveys on how important KPIs are from the user's point of view. KPIs are measured, with standard test equipment, by drive test method on specified routes. According to the performance benchmarking results, the GSM and UMTS network operators achieving the best performance were determined in Ankara. Speech qualities of network operators, as the most popular service, were also evaluated by several statistical methods including pdf/cdf analysis and chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The network operator providing the highest speech quality in Ankara was determined with the methods applied. Overall, the results and approaches on benchmarking of cellular networks in Turkey are reported for the first time in this paper. The approaches proposed in this paper could be adapted to wide-scale benchmarking of services in cellular networks.Article Requirements for Remote Rf Laboratory Applications: an Educators’ Perspective(IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, 2009) Çağıltay, Nergiz; Aydın, Elif; Öktem, Ruşen; Kara, Ali; Alexandru, Marian; Reıner, BodoThis paper discusses the results of a study of the requirements for developing a remote RF laboratory. This study draws on the perspectives of educators in university electrical engineering departments and in technical colleges, on the teaching of the radio frequency (RF) domain. The study investigates how these educators would like the technical content of a state of the art RF laboratory to be designed. As far as the authors know, no publication exists in the literature that investigates the requirements and needs of remote laboratories in that particular field. The outcomes of this work are expected to guide remote laboratory platform developers towards the most effective design of their platforms. The analysis of the results showed that educators would like the technical content of the laboratory to cover basic communication techniques, microwave circuits and devices, antennas and propagation, RF technology, and radio system design aspects of modern telecommunication systems. They would therefore like the laboratory instrumentation to be designed to that end. The educators also reported the need for advanced experimental setups which require expensive RF measurement devices. The discrepancy between university and technical college views was also considered in this paper.Conference Object Citation - Scopus: 1Development of a Digital Communications Course Enriched by Virtual and Remote Laboratory Tools(2011) Kara,A.; Kara, Ali; Cagiltay,N.; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Dalveren,Y.; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Dalveren, Yaser; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Software Engineering; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Software EngineeringDigital communications is a basic concept for rapidly growing fields of Electrical, Computer and Electronics Engineering like wireless and mobile communication systems, radar and electronic warfare, telemetry and many signal processing techniques. A re-designed digital communications course with ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) based diverse tools including matlab assignments, remote experiments and interactive simulators is described in this study. First, the objectives of the course, learning outcomes and evaluation methods are described. The re-designed course is offered in the last semester at Atilim University, and performance increase in students is compared with the previous year's offering, and by evaluating the course on a topic-based approach. © 2011 IEEE.Article Citation - WoS: 17Citation - Scopus: 31Deep Learning-Based Vehicle Classification for Low Quality Images(Mdpi, 2022) Tas, Sumeyra; Sari, Ozgen; Dalveren, Yaser; Pazar, Senol; Kara, Ali; Derawi, MohammadThis study proposes a simple convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for vehicle classification in low resolution surveillance images collected by a standard security camera installed distant from a traffic scene. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, the proposed model is tested on a new dataset containing tiny (100 x 100 pixels) and low resolution (96 dpi) vehicle images. The proposed model is then compared with well-known VGG16-based CNN models in terms of accuracy and complexity. Results indicate that although the well-known models provide higher accuracy, the proposed method offers an acceptable accuracy (92.9%) as well as a simple and lightweight solution for vehicle classification in low quality images. Thus, it is believed that this study might provide useful perception and understanding for further research on the use of standard low-cost cameras to enhance the ability of the intelligent systems such as intelligent transportation system applications.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 2New Wavelet-Based Features for the Recognition of Jittered and Stagger Pri Modulation Types(Ieee, 2015) Gencol, Kenan; Kara, Ali; At, NurayIn dense electronic warfare environments, numerous emitters can be active simultaneously and an interleaved stream of pulses in natural time of arrival order is received by the Electronic Support Measures (ESM) receiver. It is the task of the ESM system to de-interleave this mixed pulse sequence and thus to identify the surrounding threatening emitters. In this processing, pulse repetition interval (PRI) modulation recognition has a significant role due to the fact that it can reveal the hidden patterns inside pulse repetition intervals and thus help identify the emission source and its functional purpose. In this paper, we propose new wavelet-based features for the recognition of jittered and stagger PRI modulation types. The recognition of these types are heavily based on histogram features. Experimental results show that the proposed feature set have very high recognition rates and outperform histogram based methods.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1An Industry Sponsored Undergraduate Research (ur) Experience: Preliminary Study on Fulfillment of Program Outcomes and Industry Requirements(Ieee, 2014) Kapusuz, Kamil Yavuz; Kara, AliThis study presents educational results of an industry sponsored undergraduate research (UR) project. The aim of the study is to show how such project works contribute to students in acquiring qualifications or skills necessary by the industry, and abilities regarding with program outcomes of accreditation organisations. The study is based on quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (self descriptions) data collected from senior students who worked in 9 months UR project sponsored by a company in Radio frequency (RF) and Communications domain. The preliminary results showed that an industry sponsored undergraduate research project may serve to both short term (industry requirements) and longer term (program outcomes) expectations in undergraduate curriculum of engineering departments.
