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Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 18Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Future Directions(Springer, 2025) Dehghani, Sam; Ocakci, Ozgecan; Hatipoglu, Pars Tan; Ozalp, Veli Cengiz; Tevlek, AtakanNeurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS rank among the most challenging global health issues, marked by substantial obstacles in early diagnosis and effective treatment. Current diagnostic techniques frequently demonstrate inadequate sensitivity and specificity, whilst conventional treatment strategies encounter challenges related to restricted bioavailability and insufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, exosomes-nanoscale vesicles packed with proteins, RNAs, and lipids-have emerged as promising agents with the potential to reshape diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these diseases. Unlike conventional drug carriers, they naturally traverse the BBB and can deliver bioactive molecules to affected neural cells. Their molecular cargo can influence cell signaling, reduce neuroinflammation, and potentially slow neurodegenerative progression. Moreover, exosomes serve as non-invasive biomarkers, enabling early and precise diagnosis while allowing real-time disease monitoring. Additionally, engineered exosomes, loaded with therapeutic molecules, enhance this capability by targeting diseased neurons and overcoming conventional treatment barriers. By offering enhanced specificity, reduced immunogenicity, and an ability to bypass physiological limitations, exosome-based strategies present a transformative advantage over existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review examines the multifaceted role of exosomes in NDDs, emphasizing their diagnostic capabilities, intrinsic therapeutic functions, and transformative potential as advanced treatment vehicles.Article Effects of Sensorimotor-Cognitive Training on Balance and Gait in Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial(Springer London Ltd, 2026) Korkusuz, Suleyman; Elibol, Bulent; Ozcan, Aysenur; Korkusuz, Busra Seckinogullari; Fil, Ayla; Cakmakli, Gul Yalcin; Yigit, OznurBackground Sensory-motor-cognitive integration deficits are common in Parkinson's disease(PD) and significantly limit functional performance, highlighting the growing need for holistic training approaches that target these domains simultaneously. Aims This study aimed to examine the effects of sensory-motor-cognitive integration training on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Methods A total of 40 PwPD, aged between 45 and 75 years, were included. The intervention group received 24 sessions (3 days per week for 8 weeks) of 60-minute sensory-motor-cognitive integration training. The control group was placed on a waiting list and continued their routine daily activities. All participants were assessed at baseline, at the end of the 8th week, and at the 12th week. Static posturography was used to evaluate balance [Limits of Stability and the Modified Sensory Integration and Balance Clinical Test] and gait (Walk Across test). Additionally, balance was assessed using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), and gait performance was evaluated with the Modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI). Results Significant time & times; group interactions were observed for functional balance and gait outcomes. The intervention group showed significant improvements in FRT and mDGI scores over time (p < 0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Static posturography also demonstrated significant time-related changes and group differences for most parameters (p < 0.05), except for movement velocity, directional control, and step length symmetry. Conclusion These findings suggest that individualized, multidomain sensory-motor-cognitive integration training may represent a particularly effective rehabilitation approach for enhancing balance and gait in PwPD.
