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Article Citation - Scopus: 1A Gradient Enhanced Efficient Global Optimization-Driven Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Framework(MDPI, 2025) Senol, Niyazi; Akay, Hasan U.; Yigit, SahinThe aerodynamic optimization of airfoil shapes remains a critical research area for enhancing aircraft performance under various flight conditions. In this study, the RAE 2822 airfoil was selected as a benchmark case to investigate and compare the effectiveness of surrogate-based methods under an Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) framework and an adjoint-based approach in both single-point and multi-point optimization settings. Prior to optimization, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was validated against experimental data to ensure accuracy. For the surrogate-based methods, Kriging (KRG), Kriging with Partial Least Squares (KPLS), Gradient-Enhanced Kriging (GEK), and Gradient-Enhanced Kriging with Partial Least Squares (GEKPLS) were employed. In the single-point optimization, the GEK method achieved the highest drag reduction, outperforming other approaches, while in the multi-point case, GEKPLS provided the best overall improvement. Detailed comparisons were made against existing literature results, with the proposed methods showing competitive and superior performance, particularly in viscous, transonic conditions. The results underline the importance of incorporating gradient information into surrogate models for achieving high-fidelity aerodynamic optimizations. The study demonstrates that surrogate-based methods, especially those enriched with gradient information, can effectively match or exceed the performance of gradient-based adjoint methods within reasonable computational costs.Article Uçak Kanatları için HAD ile Birleştirilmiş Yapısal Topoloji Optimizasyonu(2025) Akay, Hasan U.; Kulak, H. CemIn aviation, weight is crucial for aircraft performance and payload capacity. Traditional design methods, which rely on trial and error, aim to create lightweight and strong structures but can be time consuming. Topology optimization, a mathematical technique, speeds up finding the optimal material distribution within a given shape under specific loads and conditions. This study employed ANSYS's CFD and Structural Optimization modules for the topology optimization of a NACA 0012 airfoil wing section under various conditions. The CFD module provided aerodynamic loads to the structural topology optimization module. The study analyzed both 2D and 3D geometries under different conditions, including single-point and multi-point optimizations for 2D sections with varying angles of attack, which provided useful comparisons. For the 3D test case, CFD analysis and topology optimization were performed on a rectangular wing at an inflow speed of 0.5 Mach and a 0⁰ angle of attack. Such combined structural and flow analysis is rare in the literature. This research provides new insights, highlighting the sensitivity of topology optimization to boundary conditions and computational meshes. Despite challenges from complex geometries, this approach is expected to grow in popularity, especially with advanced production methods like 3D printing and additive manufacturing.
