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Article Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time Pcr(Dove Medical Press Ltd, 2025) Usluca, Selma; Bakir, Ayfer; Arikok, Ata Turker; Korkut, Gizem; Yagiz, Gulsah Ceylan; Alper, MuratObjective: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. In recent years, it has been suggested that various pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and human papillomavirus (HPV) may play a potential role in the development of breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii and HPV infections in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of breast cancer patients using real-time PCR. Methods: The study included 136 paraffin-embedded biopsy samples with w confirmed malignant breast tumor diagnosis and 50 breast tissue samples diagnosed as benign breast lesions, serving as controls. The presence of T. gondii DNA and high-, medium-, and low-risk HPV genotype DNAs were investigated using the real-time PCR method. First, deparaffinization was performed using xylene and alcohol, followed by DNA extraction and real-time PCR amplification. Results: The most common histopathological types of malignant breast carcinoma were invasive carcinoma (n=82; 60.3%), invasive lobular carcinoma (n=26; 19.1%), invasive ductal carcinoma (n=8; 5.9%), and mixed invasive carcinoma (n=8; 5.9%). According to the Modified Bloom-Richardson classification, 55.15% of malignant breast tumor samples were grade 2, 32.4% were grade 3, and 12.5% were grade 1. Real-time PCR analysis did not detect T. gondii DNA or HPV DNA in any of these samples. Conclusion: Our findings do not support a role of T. gondii and HPV in breast cancer development. To better understand the possible relationship between breast cancer and these pathogens, further studies with larger sample sizes, diverse diagnostic methods, and broder geographical coverage are necessary.Article Citation - Scopus: 8Effects of Astaxanthin on Metastasis Suppressors in Ductal Carcinoma. a Preliminary Study(Edizioni Luigi Pozzi, 2021) Badak, Bartu; Aykanat, Nuriye Ezgi Bektur; Kacar, Sedat; Sahinturk, Varol; Arik, Deniz; Canaz, Funda; Basic SciencesBACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is a major public health problem diagnosed in more than 2 million women worldwide in 2018, causing more than 600,000 deaths. 90% of deaths due to breast cancer are caused by metastasis. Metastasis is a complex process that is divided into several steps, including separation of tumor cells from the primary tumor, invasion, cell migration, intravasation, vasculature survival, extravasation, and colonization of the secondary site. Astaxanthin (AXT) is a marine-based ketocarotenoid that has many different potential functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress-reducing properties to potentially reduce the incidence of cancer or inhibit the expansion of tumor cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of astaxanthin as a new metastasis inhibitor on T47D human invasive ductal carcinoma breast cancer cell. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To investigate the effects of the astaxanthin as a new metastasis inhibitor on T47D cell, expression levels of anti-maspin, anti-Kail, anti-BRMS1, and anti-MKK4 were examined by western blot. Also, we evaluated differences of these suppressors expression levels in tissue sections of 10 patients diagnosed with in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma by immunohistochemistry method. RESULT: 250 mu M astaxanthin increased the activation of all metastasis suppressing proteins. Also, these metastasis suppressors showed higher expression in invasive ductal carcinoma tissues than in situ ductal carcinoma patients. CONCLUSION: We think that astaxanthin is a promising therapeutic agent for invasive ductal carcinoma patients. The effects of astaxanthin on metastasis in breast cancer should be investigated further based on these results.
