Yetkisiz temsilcinin kambiyo taahhüdünde bulunmasından doğan hukuki sorumluluk
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Date
2023
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Modern insan, zamanı, bilgiyi, parayı ve emeği verimli kullanılmasını bilen insandır. Bu nedenle kimi zaman kendi iradesiyle, kimi zaman yasanın kendisine bu hususta koruyucu hükümleri sayesinde; bazı hukuki vasıtalar kullanmak suretiyle bu unsurları kendisi için daha verimli hale getirebilmektedir. Bu hukuki vasıtalardan biri de 'temsil'dir. Temsilen işlem yapılması, oldukça sık kullanılan bir yöntem olmakla beraber temsilin, her zaman yetkiye dayanması söz konusu olmayabilir. Kanun koyucu işlem güvenliğini koruma gayesiyle Borçlar Kanunu'ndaki genel hükümler ile yetkisiz temsilcinin sorumluluğunu düzenlemiş olmasının yanı sıra bir takım özel kanun hükümleriyle, genel kuraldan farklı sonuçlar da öngörmüştür. Bunlardan biri Ticaret Kanunu m.678 hükmüdür. Kanun koyucu, kambiyo senetlerinin tedavül kabiliyetini korumak maksadıyla temsil yetkisi olmaksızın kambiyo taahhüdünde bulunan kişiyi senetten şahsen sorumlu tutmuştur. Bununla birlikte kanunun ikinci cümlesi ile yetkisini aşan temsilcinin sorumluluğu, hiç yetkisi olmaksızın kambiyo taahhüdünde bulunan temsilcinin sorumluluğu ile aynı yaptırıma bağlanmış olduğunu çağrıştırır şekilde ifade edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla ifadenin yorumu doktrinde farklı görüşleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Konuya ilişkin görüşler; çalışmamızın ilk bölümünde öncelikle temsilin tanımı, çeşitleri, sınırları ve yetkisiz temsilin ne olduğu; ikinci bölümünde genel hatlarıyla kambiyo senetleri ve bu senetlerde taahhütte bulunmanın ne surette gerçekleştirilebileceği ortaya konulmak suretiyle üçüncü bölümde genel hükümlerle karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde ele alınarak doktrin ve yargı kararları çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışmalar neticesinde, Ticaret kanunu m.678'in hiç yetkisi olmayan temsilci için öngördüğü sorumluluğun kambiyo hukukuna uygun olduğu görülmüş; fakat temsil yetkisini aşarak kambiyo taahhüdünde bulunan yetkisiz temsilcinin sorumluluğu tespit edilirken dürüstlük ve ölçülülük ilkelerinin de nazara alınarak bir sonuca ulaşılması gerektiği bu sebeple de yetkisiz temsilcinin sadece yetkili olmadığı kısımdan sorumlu tutulmasının hakkaniyete uygun bir çözüm olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.
Modern human is an individual who knows how to use time, knowledge, money and labor efficiently. Therefore, sometimes by his/her own will, sometimes by the protective provisions of the law; it can make these elements more efficient for himself/herself by using some legal instruments. One of these legal instruments is 'representation'. Although making transactions by representation is a method that is used quite frequently, representation may not always be based on authority. In order to protect transaction security, the legislator has regulated the responsibility of the unauthorized representative with the general provisions in the Code of Obligations, as well as stipulated different results from the general rule with some special law provisions. One of them is Article 678 of the Commercial Code. The legislator has held the person who commits foreign exchange without representation authority personally responsible for the bill in order to protect the circulation ability of the bills of exchange. In the meantime, in the second sentence of the provision, the responsibility of the representative who exceeds his/her authority is expressed in a way that suggests that it is bound to the same sanction as the responsibility of the representative who makes a foreign exchange commitment without any authority. Thus, the interpretation of the expression brought different views in the doctrine. Opinions on the subject; in the first part of our study, first of all, the definition, types, limits of representation and what is unauthorized representation; in the second part, bills of exchange in general terms and how to make a commitment in these bills and finally in the third part its comparison with the general provisions are discussed within the framework of doctrine and judicial decisions. As a result of these discussions, it was concluded that the liability stipulated by article 678 of the Commercial Code for the representative who has no authority is in accordance with the foreign exchange law; however, when determining the responsibility of the unauthorized representative, who has made a commitment to foreign exchange by exceeding the authority of representation, it is necessary to reach a result by taking into account the principles of honesty and proportionality and therefore, it was concluded that it would be a fair solution to hold the unauthorized representative responsible only for the part for which she/he is not authorized.
Modern human is an individual who knows how to use time, knowledge, money and labor efficiently. Therefore, sometimes by his/her own will, sometimes by the protective provisions of the law; it can make these elements more efficient for himself/herself by using some legal instruments. One of these legal instruments is 'representation'. Although making transactions by representation is a method that is used quite frequently, representation may not always be based on authority. In order to protect transaction security, the legislator has regulated the responsibility of the unauthorized representative with the general provisions in the Code of Obligations, as well as stipulated different results from the general rule with some special law provisions. One of them is Article 678 of the Commercial Code. The legislator has held the person who commits foreign exchange without representation authority personally responsible for the bill in order to protect the circulation ability of the bills of exchange. In the meantime, in the second sentence of the provision, the responsibility of the representative who exceeds his/her authority is expressed in a way that suggests that it is bound to the same sanction as the responsibility of the representative who makes a foreign exchange commitment without any authority. Thus, the interpretation of the expression brought different views in the doctrine. Opinions on the subject; in the first part of our study, first of all, the definition, types, limits of representation and what is unauthorized representation; in the second part, bills of exchange in general terms and how to make a commitment in these bills and finally in the third part its comparison with the general provisions are discussed within the framework of doctrine and judicial decisions. As a result of these discussions, it was concluded that the liability stipulated by article 678 of the Commercial Code for the representative who has no authority is in accordance with the foreign exchange law; however, when determining the responsibility of the unauthorized representative, who has made a commitment to foreign exchange by exceeding the authority of representation, it is necessary to reach a result by taking into account the principles of honesty and proportionality and therefore, it was concluded that it would be a fair solution to hold the unauthorized representative responsible only for the part for which she/he is not authorized.
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Hukuk, Law
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141