Browsing by Author "Baç, Uğur"

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Başarılı Erp ve Bpr Uygulamaları Ile Tedarik Zincirlerinin Performansının ve Esnekliğinin Ölçülüp Geliştirilebilmesi için Yeni Değerlendirme Metriklerinin Geliştirilmesi: Melez Bulanık Ahp Aap İstatistiksel Analizler Yaklaşımı
(2013) Baç, Uğur; Erkan, Turan Erman; Industrial Engineering
Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi ve esneklik günümüzde büyük önem kazanmıştır.Performans ve esneklik üzerine çalışmalar oldukça popüler araştırma konularıarasında ter almaktadır. Rekabet gücünü koruyabilmek için sürekli olarak performansiyileştirmesi ve kıyaslaması yapmak mecburidir. Sürekli değişmekte olan pazarkoşullarına uyum sağlayabilmek için tedarik zinciri yapısı esnek olmalıdır. BPRuygulaması ile desteklendiğinde, ERP kullanımı tedarik zinciri üzerinde kayda değeretki göstermektedir. Tedarik zincirinin genel performansını ve esnekliğiniölçebilmek ve gelişmeleri takip edip gerçekleştirebilmek için özel metriklergereklidir. Bu çalışmada, performans ve esnekliği değerlendirebilmek için ÇÖKVmodelleri ve istatistiksel analizlerin kullanıldığı melez yaklaşımlarla iki yeni metrikgeliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, ERP ve BPR başarılarının ön koşulları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmasonucunda, Tedarik Zinciri performansının ve esnekliğinin değerlendirilerek, başarılıERP ve BPR uygulamaları ile performans ve esnekliği iyileştirecek bir kılavuzhazırlanmıştır.
Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Araçları Kullanılarak Endüstriyel Binalar için En İyi Hvac Sisteminin Seçilmesi
(2020) Alalosi, Khalid; Baç, Uğur; Turhan, Cihan; Industrial Engineering
Isıtma Havalandırma ve Klima (HVAC) seçiminde özellikle seçim teknik, ekonomik ve çevresel kriterlerle ilgili olduğunda zordur. HVAC sistemleri, binalardaki toplam enerji tüketiminin %50'sini oluşturur. Ayrıca sistem, zararlı emisyonların azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Tasarım sürecinde en uygun HVAC sisteminin seçilmesinde, enerjiye olan büyük talep, HVAC sistemlerinin kullanımın oranın artışı ve çevresel hijyene yönelik önlemlerin uygulanmasına yönelik küresel ihtiyaçlar belirleyici oluyor. Ankara'daki bir endüstriyel binanın vaka analizinde birkaç makinenin üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Bu analizde Design Builder (DB) programı kullanılarak, dinamik bina enerji simülasyonu yapılmış ve binanın toplam enerji tüketimi hesaplanmıştır. Analizdeki karar verme sürecinde kriterleri doğru tartma, sübjektif ve objektif değerlendirmelerde yüksek doğruluk sağlayarak en uygun alternatifi seçebilmek adına Kademeli Ağırlık Değerlendirme Oranı Analizi (SWARA) ve Ağırlıklı Toplu Toplam Ürün Değerlendirme (WASPAS) yaklaşımları uygulanmıştır. WASPAS, etkili verileri ve belirsiz bilgileri kolaylaştırma ve iyi bir sistematik karar verme analizi sağlama yeteneği ile bilinmektedir. Teknik, çevresel ve ekonomik kriterler dahil 27 kritere göre 11 HVAC farklı sistemi incelenmiştir. SWARA ve WASPAS yöntemleri kullanarak seçilen en iyi HVAC sisteminin analiz sonuçları, farklı lamda değerlerine göre gerçekleştirilen hassasiyet analizle gösterilmiştir. Su kaynaklı Isı Pompaları, her durumda endüstriyel binalar için en iyi alternatif olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu seçiminin ekonomik, teknik ve çevresel olarak en uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: HVAC sistemi, SWARA, WASPAS, MCDM
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Most Suitable Hvac System for an Industrial Building by Using a Hybrid Building Energy Simulation and Multi Criteria Decision Making Framework
(Elsevier, 2021) Bac, Ugur; Alaloosi, Khalid Abdulwahab Mohamed Saed; Turhan, Cihan; Energy Systems Engineering; Industrial Engineering
Great demand for energy and growing trend in the use of energy-efficient HVAC systems force researchers to focus on the importance of choosing the most appropriate HVAC system for industrial buildings during design process. Therefore, developing a model to select the most suitable HVAC system is vital for industrial buildings. To this aim, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of different HVAC systems for an industrial building by using hybrid multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method. An industrial building in Ankara/Turkey is selected as a case building. Eleven HVAC systems are evaluated based on twenty seven criteria, which are determined as a result of extensive literature research, and are grouped under six categories including ergonomic, environmental, reliability, technical, and economical aspects. A hybrid application of building energy simulation (BES) integrated modified Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Weighted Additive Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) framework is developed for supporting the decision making process. The novelty of the study is integrating the objective results of a well-calibrated dynamic BES tool with subjective criteria which are collected from expert opinions by applying questionnaires with face-to-face interview method. The results of MCDM framework and sensitivity analysis showed that the water-source heat pump is the best and suitable alternative for the industrial building. The outcome of this study would benefit the HVAC engineers and specialists in order to design the best HVAC systems in industrial buildings while providing an insight into different criteria. Moreover, key contribution to the literature is the usage of hybrid MCDM framework integrated with BES tool in the building sector.
Effects of BPR on ERP Implementation Success and Supply Chain Performance
(Acad Conferences Ltd, 2012) Erkan, Erman; Bac, Ugur; Rouyendegh, Babak Daneshvar; Industrial Engineering; Computer Engineering
Recently, studies about the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) have been increased and this research area has attracted more attention. Especially, in the global competition environment, enterprises have to focus on their Information Systems (IS) performance to have a competitive advantage; implementing an ERP system and improving the effectiveness of the system is the only way. To do so; factors affecting the implementation success of ERP systems have to be inspected in pursuant of some performance measurements and metrics. Since unsuccessful ERP implementations result in high costs; use of these factors and making the necessary preparations will increase the chance of a successful ERP implementation. According to literature Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has a vital role on the ERP success. In this study, a research has been made on the Turkish enterprises to determine the criteria affecting their success on the implementation of ERP systems by the utilization of a questionnaire. Questionnaire results have been analyzed with statistical methods to summarize the current situation of IS structure, Information Management Systems integration level, ERP success rate and effects of BPR on this success rate in Turkish enterprises. Results of this study can be used to define the relation between the ERP and BPR. Understanding this relation is vital for the planned or ongoing ERP implementations. Factors and criteria found in this study which have effects on the ERP systems success should be considered during the implementation planning phase of these systems for efficiently managing the budget of projects. Importance of BPR which was emphasized in this study should be considered by the management of enterprises for evaluating their IS to determine if they are ready for the implementation phase. If they are not, findings will serve as a guideline for improving the chance of successful implementation and this will affect overall performance of the company. Results of this study can also be used in the future studies to compare international differences of IS structures and ERP implementation processes.
Elektrik Talep Tahminine Dayalı Karma Tam Sayılı Programlama ile Türkiye'nin Stratejik Enerji Üretimi Planlaması
(2021) Yörük, Gökay; Baç, Uğur; Özkurt, Fatma Yerlikaya; Industrial Engineering
Bu tezde, Türkiye için enerji planlama problemi, stratejik planlama, enerji politikası, enerji güç kapasite planlaması, teknoloji seçimi ve çevre politikaları açısından ele alınmaktadır. Stratejik elektrik planlaması kapsamında; fosil yakıtlar, yenilenebilir enerji, nükleer enerji gibi alternatif teknolojileri göz önünde bulunduran karışık tam sayılı matematiksel programlama modeli önerilmiştir. Çalışmada maliyetin (yatırım, operasyon ve bakım) en küçüklenmesine ek olarak, CO2 emisyonunun sınırlandırılması, enerji kaynak paylaşımı kısıtlama politikaları ve yenilenebilir enerji teşvik politikaları gibi hususlar önerilen modelde ele alınmıştır. Planlama sürecinde elektrik talebini tahmin etmek için regresyon metotları, üstel düzeltme, Winter ve Otoregresif Entegre Hareketli Ortalama (ARIMA) yöntemleri gibi bir dizi tahmin tekniği kullanılmış ve farklı hata ölçüm kriterleri kullanılarak en iyi yöntem seçilmiştir. Modelin bir uygulaması olarak Türkiye'nin Stratejik Elektrik Planlama Problemi ele alınmış ve iki farklı (2021-2030 ve 2021-2040) planlama aralığı için çözülmüştür. Sonuçlar, yenilenebilir enerji üretim seçenekleri olan güneş, rüzgâr ve hidroelektrik alternatiflerinin kullanımının önemli ölçüde artacağını, enerji üretiminde fosil yakıtların kullanımının ise belirgin bir şekilde azalacağını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının kademeli olarak artırılmasını ve uzun vadede fosil yakıt alternatiflerinin yerini almasını önermektedir. Bu değişiklik yalnızca yatırım, işletme ve bakım maliyetlerini düşürmekle kalmayacak, aynı zamanda emisyon seviyesini de önemli ölçüde düşürecektir.
An Integrated Swara-Waspas Group Decision Making Framework To Evaluate Smart Card Systems for Public Transportation
(Mdpi, 2020) Bac, Ugur; Industrial Engineering
Recent technological developments affect daily life as much as they affect the industries. As part of these developments, automation and smart systems are important part of everyday life. Smart card systems are one of the well-known types of smart automation technology being used by the majority of the population in public transportation in most developed countries. Even though automated fare payment systems have been widely integrated into public transportation in developed countries, integration of smart card systems is still under consideration in most developing countries. The aim of this study is to propose a framework to evaluate different smart card systems to determine the best one and additionally validate their benefits when compared with the traditional fare payment system. For this purpose, an integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) framework is used that combines two recent and popular methodologies together. The proposed methodology employs Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method for determination of criteria weights in the decision model and the Weighted Additive Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method for comparison of alternatives. Research results revealed that all smart card systems show improvements under performance, reliability, and user satisfaction related criteria. However, traditional fare payment systems are found to be safer under consideration of personal data protection. Findings of this study can be used to select the best smart card system and as a guide for deciding on areas of improvement during the implementation phase to ensure higher user satisfaction.
Intellectual Capital Management's Effects on Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation
(Acad Conferences Ltd, 2012) Erkan, Turan Erman; Ozdemir, Yavuz Selim; Bac, Ugur; Industrial Engineering
The implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system can be one of the most important strategic decisions an organization undertakes. An implementation of ERP system has effects on improving all over system performance. However, there are many factors affecting the performance of ERP implementation and these factors have to be inspected in accordance to some performance measurements and metrics. Intellectual Capital Management (ICM) is one of the most important factors of ERP implementation. The ICM literature has produced tens of models to support the various ICM activities, such as identification, measurement, valuation, acquisition and reporting of intellectual capital. However, the practice of applying various ICM models seems to be a fairly new issue in many countries and organizations. Turkey is one of those countries that has just been introduced with ICM. Using an ICM system has different effects on the implementation of an ERP system. In this study, a questionnaire based research has been made on Turkish enterprises to analyze ICM'S effects on ERP implementation. Also, we made a cross industrial research and determined those effects in different manufacturing sectors such as electronics and food sectors. Questionnaire results have been analyzed with statistical methods to summarize the current situation. The results of this study can be used to compare the effects of implementation of ERP systems in different industries in Turkey. Understanding of this relationship is very important for current or future ERP implementations. Also these results can be used in the comparison of international differences of the effects of ICM on ERP implementation process.
Layout Improvement Method Selection for a Mass Production Facility
(IEOM Society, 2018) Baç,U.; Erkan,T.E.; Industrial Engineering
Purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and propose a solution to an industrial problem that would satisfy the needs of a manufacturing company by using tools and techniques of Industrial Engineering. For this purpose, production system of a metal cap manufacturer company, which is a well-known mass production company in packaging industry since 1963 in Turkey, has been inspected. In the first part of the study, overall system has been analyzed, problem symptoms have been identified, and then the problem definition has been made. Two problems have been defined as: (i) insufficient production capacity, and (ii) inefficient production system. According to these findings, objectives of this study has been determined as: (i) the improvement of the efficiency of current system by making some layout changes and making small-scale investments, (ii) analyze large-scale investment alternatives in the long run and conduct engineering economic analysis of these investment alternatives. Within this scope, alternative solution approaches, analysis of these alternatives, and selection of best alternative have been accomplished. As a result of this study capacity of the facility can be increased by 16% and investment required for this increase has a payback period of 71 days. © IEOM Society International.
A Model To Evaluate Supply Chain Performance and Flexibility
(Academic Journals, 2011) Bac, Ugur; Erkan, Turan Erman; Industrial Engineering
In present day's global competitive environment, enterprises have to focus on their supply chain performance to have a competitive advantage. Improving the effectiveness of the system is the only way to do so and, for this purpose, ongoing supply chain activities have to be inspected in pursuant of some performance measurements and metrics to cover the concept. There is a lack of effective mathematical models in the literature which enclose flexibility and its parameters in order to measure the performance of a supply chain by considering all of its vital elements. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to evaluate supply chain performance using some key performance indicators. This model can be used to evaluate the flexibility characteristics of logistic, market, supplier, machine, labor, information system, and routing of the supply chain.
Öncelikli Hedef Programlama Modeli ile Çok Ürünlü Tehlikeli Malzemelerin Multimodal Taşıma Optimizasyonu
(2022) Güzey, Refika Ruzin; Baç, Uğur; Industrial Engineering
Kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri ile farklı sınıflarda tanımlanan birçok tehlikeli madde bulunmaktadır ve üretim sektöründe üretilen birçok üründe hammadde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu maddeleri kullananlar ve taşımasını yapanlar, işletmelerinde öngördüğü minimum maliyet ve süre gibi amaçların yanında hukuki kuralların uygulanmasını sağlayan minimum riski de amaç edinmelidirler. Ülkemizde tehlikeli madde için yaygın olarak karayolu kullanılmaktadır. Literatürde farklı türde çok modlu taşımacılığın etkinliğine yer verilmiştir. Tehlikeli maddelerin taşınması için çok modlu taşımacılığın kullanıldığı, ağırlıklı olarak minimum maliyet ve minimum risk olacak şekilde iki amaçlı çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmalarda çoğunlukla tehlikeli maddelerden akaryakıt grubuna odaklanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tehlikeli madde üreticileri farklı şehirlerde bulunan ihtiyaç sahipleri arasındaki taşımacılıkta oluşan maliyet, risk ve nihayetinde ulaştırma süresinin en aza indirgenmesi ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca kullanım önceliği bulunmayan havayolu taşımacılığının, akaryakıt grubu dışında olan ve uçak ile taşınabilen tehlikeli maddelerin çok modlu taşımacılığında bir seçenek olması değerlendirilmiştir. Problemin çözümü için hedef programlama modeli kullanılmaktadır. Önerilen modelin etkinliği bir örnek olay çalışması ile CPLEX çözücüsü kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Optimization of Electric Vehicle Recharge Schedule and Routing Problem With Time Windows and Partial Recharge: a Comparative Study for an Urban Logistics Fleet
(Elsevier, 2021) Bac, Ugur; Baç, Uğur; Erdem, Mehmet; Erdem, Mehmet; Baç, Uğur; Erdem, Mehmet; Industrial Engineering; Industrial Engineering
The use of electric vehicles (EVs) is becoming more and more widespread and the interest in these vehicles is increasing each day. EVs promise to emit less air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with lower operational costs when compared to fossil fuel-powered vehicles. However, many factors such as the limited mileage of these vehicles, long recharging times, and the sparseness of available recharging stations adversely affect the preferability of EVs in industrial and commercial logistics. Effective planning of EV routes and recharge schedules is vital for the future of the logistics sector. This paper proposes an electric vehicle routing problem with the time windows (EVRPTW) framework, which is an extension of the well-known vehicle routing problem (VRP). In the proposed model, partial recharging is considered for the EVRPTW with the multiple depots and heterogeneous EV fleet and multiple visits to customers. While routing a set of heterogeneous EVs, their limited ranges, interdependent on the battery capacity, should be taken into consideration and all the customers' deliveries should be completed within the predetermined time windows. To deal with this problem, a series of neighbourhood operators are developed for the local search process in the variable neighbourhood search (VNS) and variable neighbourhood descent (VND) heuristics. The proposed solution algorithms are tested in large-scale instances. Results indicate that the proposed heuristics perform well as to this problem in terms of optimizing recharging times, idle waiting times, overtime of operators, compliance with time windows, number of vehicles, depots, and charging stations used.
Petrol ve Gaz Ekipmanları İmalat Firmalarında Kurumsal Kaynak Planlama Yazılım Paketi Seçmek için Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreç Yaklaşımı
(2016) Lesanı, Seyed Hajır; Baç, Uğur; Industrial Engineering
Günümüz dünyasında, işletmeler ve firmalar, birbirleri ile rekabet edebilmek için, çoğunlukla Bilgi Teknolojilerine dayalı bilgisayar yazılımlarından faydalanmak zorundadırlar. Kurumsal Kaynak Planlaması (ERP) firmalar için önemli bir yatırımdır. Bu yazılım paketi verimi artırma amacıyla firma veya kuruluşun farklı bölümleri arasında bağlantı sağlamak için firmanın tüm yazılım ihtiyaçlarını birleştiren entegre bir yazılım paketidir. Dünyada farklı ERP sistem sağlayıcıları olduğundan dolayı, firmalar açısından, kendi gereksinimlerine göre en iyi yazılımı seçmek zordur. En iyi sistemi seçmek için hem uygulama hem de yazılımla ilgili hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır ve bu hususlar her kuruluş için değişiklik gösterir. Dolayısıyla her firma için en iyi olan ERP sistemini seçmek mümkün değildir. Bir firma için en iyi ERP sisteminin seçiminde, en iyi sonucu elde etmek için Çok Ölçütlü Karar Verme (MCDM) yönetimi kullanılmalıdır. Bu tezde, MCDM yöntemleri olarak Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (FAHP) seçilmiştir ve veri toplamak için Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'nde yer alan farklı petrol ve doğal gaz donanımı imalatçısı firmaların Bilgi Sistemleri bölümlerine ve bu alanda çalışan elemanlarına bir anket gönderilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, kendi ERP sistemlerini seçerken tercih ettikleri kriterleri tespit etmek için görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tezin sonucunda, kullanım kolaylığı ve maliyet kriterlerinin diğerlerinden daha çok dikkate alındığı görülmüştür. Son olarak, söz edilen karar verme mekanizmaları karşılaştırılmış ve bu yöntemin işlemleri ve hesaplama adımlarını tanımlamak için bir vaka çalışması sunulmuştur.
The Role of Environmental Factors in the Investment Prioritization of Facilities Using Recycled Pvc
(Hard, 2021) Bac, Ugur; Industrial Engineering
There are many types of solid wastes however, plastic wastes are among the ones which have several harmful effects on the environment. Plastic wastes have a long decomposition time in nature and the dangerous chemical compounds in them make them a threat for the environment along with other types of waste. Contamination caused by the plastic wastes attracts worldwide attention nowadays. As a member of thermoplastic polymers family, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products are one of the most preferred type of plastic composition, which holds an important ratio in the total plastic waste amount. PVC wastes should either be disposed or recycled to minimize their harmful effects on the environment. The disposal approach is easy and cheap, but recycling alternative requires the investment on special facilities hence, a more expensive solution. However, disposal alternatives, such as landfilling and incineration, may also cause pollution due to high chlorine content of PVC; whereas, mechanical and chemical recycling options reduce many environmental problems. There is a clear tradeoff in the decision of handling PVC waste between the costs and environmental effects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors considered during the investment decisions of PVC manufacturers to find out the importance of environmental factors by using a multi-criteria group decision making method.
Sector Selection for Erp Implementation To Achieve Most Impact on Supply Chain Performance by Using Ahp-Topsis Hybrid Method
(Univ Osijek, Tech Fac, 2014) Rouyendegh, Babak Daneshvar; Bac, Ugur; Erkan, Turan Erman; Industrial Engineering; Computer Engineering; Industrial Engineering; Computer Engineering
Recently, studies about the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) have been increased and this research area has attracted more attention. Especially, in the global competition environment, enterprises have to focus on their Information Systems ( IS) performance to have a competitive advantage; implementing an ERP system and improving the effectiveness of the system is the only way. However every sector reacts to ERP implementation differently. Purpose of this study is to rank the sectors according to their performance increments after successful ERP implementations by using AHP-TOPSIS hybrid method. As a result, general structure of Turkish companies will be pictured and the sectors which have the most chance to improve their performance by utilizing an ERP system will be defined. These findings will help the companies to plan the implementation process more precisely and help the managers of these companies to define their expectations more clearly. A numerical example is given to clarify the main developed result in this paper.
Strategic Alignment of Management Information System Functions for Manufacturing and Service Industries With an F-Mcgdm Model
(Mdpi, 2022) Bac, Ugur; Industrial Engineering
Considering constantly increasing global competition in the market and developing technologies, information systems (ISs) have become an important component of the business world and a vital component of intelligent systems. An IS provides support for planning, controlling, analyzing activities, and support in decisions by managing data throughout the organization to assist executives in their decisions. The main function of an IS is to collect data spread between various parts of the organization and business partners and to process these collected data to form reliable information, which is required for decision making. Another critical function of an IS is to transfer the necessary information to the point-of-need in a timely manner. ISs assist in the conversion of data and information into meaningful outcomes. An IS is a combination of software, data storage hardware, related infrastructure, and people in the organization that use the system. Many business organizations rely on management information systems (MISs), and they conduct their critical operations based on these systems. The existence of an efficient MIS is a requirement for the sustainability of any business. However, MIS's efficiency depends on the business's requirements and nature. The compatibility of MIS with business in the company is vital for the successful implementation of these systems. The current study analyzes differences in expectations of manufacturing and service industries from MISs. For this aim, a fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making (F-MCGDM) model is proposed to determine the differentiating success factors of MIS in both manufacturing and service industries. Findings indicate that there are considerable differences in the needs of both industries from MIS.
Strategic Electricity Production Planning of Turkey Via Mixed Integer Programming Based on Time Series Forecasting
(Mdpi, 2023) Yoruk, Gokay; Bac, Ugur; Yerlikaya-Ozkurt, Fatma; Unlu, Kamil Demirberk; Industrial Engineering
This study examines Turkey's energy planning in terms of strategic planning, energy policy, electricity production planning, technology selection, and environmental policies. A mixed integer optimization model is proposed for strategic electricity planning in Turkey. A set of energy resources is considered simultaneously in this research, and in addition to cost minimization, different strategic level policies, such as CO2 emission reduction policies, energy resource import/export restriction policies, and renewable energy promotion policies, are also considered. To forecast electricity demand over the planning horizon, a variety of forecasting techniques, including regression methods, exponential smoothing, Winter's method, and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average methods, are used, and the best method is chosen using various error measures. The optimization model constructed for Turkey's Strategic Electricity Planning is obtained for two different planning intervals. The findings indicate that the use of renewable energy generation options, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric alternatives, will increase significantly, while the use of fossil fuels in energy generation will decrease sharply. The findings of this study suggest a gradual increase in investments in renewable energy-based electricity production strategies are required to eventually replace fossil fuel alternatives. This change not only reduces investment, operation, and maintenance costs, but also reduces emissions in the long term.