2005 Irak Anayasası'nda federalizm
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2018
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Federalizm Dünyada ABD, Rusya, Avustralya gibi ve bir çok devlet tarafından kullanılan bir sistemdir. bu sistem Devlet içinde Merkezi Hükümetin yanı sıra birden çok Hükümetten oluşmaktadır, yani Merkezi Hükümet dediğimiz Federal Devletin içinde bölge veya eyaletlerden oluşan Hükümetlerde vardır , bu birimlere Federe Devlet ismi verilmektedir, ve her federe devletin kendine özgü Anayasası Vardır, Ancak bu anayasanın federal devletin Anayasasıyla çelişmemelidir. Federal sistemde merkezi hükmet ve Bölgesel hükümet arasında bir yetki paylaşımı vardır, bu yetkiler ülkelerin anayasasında belirlenmektedir ve bu anayasanın katı olması gerekmektedir, ayrıca bu yetkileri güvence altına alan bir yüksek mahkemenin varlığına gerek vardır. Irak Cumhuriyeti bu sistemle yeni tanışmıştır, önceden Üniter bir devlet olan Irak 2003'ten sonra rejimin değişmesiyle birlikte ve daha sonra bu süreçte 2005 Anayasasında Federal sisteme geçiş yapmıştır. çalışmada ilk önce federal sistemi daha yeni benimseyen 2005 Irak Cumhuriyeti Anayasasını özellikleri incelenmiştir . Irak'taki federalizm, etnik ve idari temele dayanmaktadır: Bir yandan, etnik temelde bir bölgenin kurulmasını öngörmekte ve öte yandan, idari bir zeminde bir vilayete veya birden fazla vilayete bir bölge kurulması hakkını tanımaktadır. Bu sistem, dünyadaki federal deneyimler arasında bir emsal teşkil eder çünkü bölgelerin - idari ve etnik temelde kurulmasına izin verilmiştir. Oysa dünyada kurulan bazı federal sistemler mezhepçilik ve milliyetçilik farklılıklarına çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmıştır, örneğin İsviçre'de Federalizm dini bloklar arasındaki farklılıklara bir çözüm olarak, Belçika'daysa etnik ve dilsel nedenlerle kurulmuştu. Dünyadaki federal sistemlerle kıyaslandığında, Irak anayasasının bölgelere verdiği yetkilerin, diğer örneklere oranla çok daha fazla olduğunu görebiliyoruz. Örneğin on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında iç savaşa kapılan ABD ve bu savaşın en büyük nedenlerinden biri olan merkezi otorite pahasına eyaletlere verilen geniş yetkiydi. Kuzeydeki eyaletlerin, güneydeki ayrılık isteyen eyaletlerin karşısında zafer elde ettikten sonra merkezi otoriteye ülkenin birliğini koruyan geniş yetkiler verilmişti. Irak'ta federal sistemle birlikte idari adem-i merkeziyetçilik benimsenmiştir. İdari adem-i merkeziyet uyarınca, vilayetlere basit bir yürütme yetkisi verilmektedir; bu,- ulusal azınlıkların isteklerini yerine getirecek ve bu azınlıkların meşru haklarından yararlanmasına izin verecek bir sistemdir.
Federalism is consıdered as an advanced cystem in the world which is usedby the USA, Russia, Australia and many other countries. This system consists of a plurality of governments in the state as well as of the central government, namely the governments of the federal state which we refer to as the region or the provinces, which are given the Federated State name, and each Federated State has its own constitution, but this constitution must not contradict the constitution of the federal State. In the federal system there is a power structure between the central government and the regional government, which is determined by the constitution of the countries, and this constitution must be rigid, and there is a need for the existence of a high court which guarantees these authorities. The Iraqi Republic has recently met with this system, with the change of the regime after 2003, which was previously a Uniterated state, and then converted to the federal system by the 2005 Constitution, it was the first constitution of the state which put on by Democratic Elections. The Iraqi federal system is a precedent among federal experiences in the world because it allows to establish a region based on dual administrative and ethnic bases. This is an unprecedented example, as the other federal systems in the world have emerged as a solution to end ethnic and radical conflicts , such as the federalism in Switzerland has emerged as a solution for the differences between religious blocks, meanwhile it has emerged in Belgium for ethnic and linguistic reasons. When its compared to the other federal systems in the world, we can see that the Iraqi Constitution gives much more power to the regions than the other examples. For example, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the United States, which had entered the civil war, and one of the reasons of this war was a large power structure which was given to the states at the expense of the central authority. After the northern provinces had triumphed against the segregating provinces in the south, the central authority was given broad powers to maintain the unity of the country. In addition, Iraq is the first country to adopt administrative decentralization beside the federal system, administrative decentralization is a system which gives a simple executive powers to the provinces, therefore it fulfills the wishes of national minorities and to allow them to enjoy their legitimate rights.
Federalism is consıdered as an advanced cystem in the world which is usedby the USA, Russia, Australia and many other countries. This system consists of a plurality of governments in the state as well as of the central government, namely the governments of the federal state which we refer to as the region or the provinces, which are given the Federated State name, and each Federated State has its own constitution, but this constitution must not contradict the constitution of the federal State. In the federal system there is a power structure between the central government and the regional government, which is determined by the constitution of the countries, and this constitution must be rigid, and there is a need for the existence of a high court which guarantees these authorities. The Iraqi Republic has recently met with this system, with the change of the regime after 2003, which was previously a Uniterated state, and then converted to the federal system by the 2005 Constitution, it was the first constitution of the state which put on by Democratic Elections. The Iraqi federal system is a precedent among federal experiences in the world because it allows to establish a region based on dual administrative and ethnic bases. This is an unprecedented example, as the other federal systems in the world have emerged as a solution to end ethnic and radical conflicts , such as the federalism in Switzerland has emerged as a solution for the differences between religious blocks, meanwhile it has emerged in Belgium for ethnic and linguistic reasons. When its compared to the other federal systems in the world, we can see that the Iraqi Constitution gives much more power to the regions than the other examples. For example, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the United States, which had entered the civil war, and one of the reasons of this war was a large power structure which was given to the states at the expense of the central authority. After the northern provinces had triumphed against the segregating provinces in the south, the central authority was given broad powers to maintain the unity of the country. In addition, Iraq is the first country to adopt administrative decentralization beside the federal system, administrative decentralization is a system which gives a simple executive powers to the provinces, therefore it fulfills the wishes of national minorities and to allow them to enjoy their legitimate rights.
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Hukuk, Kamu Yönetimi, Law, Anayasa, Public Administration, Federalizm, Constitution, Federalism, Irak, Iraq
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