Akdeniz Anlaşmaları ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları
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Date
2021
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Abstract
İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde yaşanan İspanya İç Savaşı’nda, revizyonist
ve anti-revizyonist blokların birbirleriyle olan mücadelesi nedeniyle
Akdeniz’de deniz haydutluğu olayları yaşanmıştır. Ağustos 1937’de
Çanakkale Boğazı önünde, Sovyetler Birliği’nden İspanya’daki
Cumhuriyetçilere yardım getiren iki geminin batırılmasıyla Türkiye de deniz
haydutluğundan etkilenmiştir. Deniz haydutluğuna karşı, Eylül 1937’de
yapılan Nyon ve Cenevre Anlaşmalarına Türkiye de katılmış, “Akdeniz
Anlaşmaları” kapsamında İngiliz savaş gemilerine iki liman tahsis etmiştir.
Akdeniz Anlaşmaları gereğince, bütün karasularında denizaltı, gemi ve
uçakların deniz haydutluğuna karşı tedbir alması gerekirken, Türkiye sadece
Çanakkale Boğazı ile Gökçeada ve Bozcaada’nın karasularında denizaltılara
karşı tedbir almıştır. Türkiye’nin bu şekilde tedbir almasında deniz gücünün
kapasitesi belirleyici olmakla birlikte, İtalya ile bir çatışma ortamı yaratmak
istememesi de etkili olmuştur.
Anlaşmalardan sonra deniz haydutluğu olayları Batı Akdeniz’de engellenemezken, Çanakkale Boğazı önünde ve Ege Denizi’nde bir daha
yaşanmamıştır. Bunun nedeni, Anlaşmalarla alınan tedbirler değil, Sovyetler
Birliği’nin İspanya’daki Cumhuriyetçilere yaptığı yardımı Boğazlar yerine,
Fransa üzerinden göndermeye başlamış olmasındandır. Türkiye, 1938
sonunda İngiltere ile birlikte Anlaşmalardan çekilmek istemiş; ancak İngiltere
Batı Akdeniz’de devam eden deniz haydutluğu nedeniyle bunu uygun
görmemiştir. Çekoslovakya ve Arnavutluk işgallerinin hemen sonrasında ise,
Türkiye bütün imzacı devletlerden önce davranarak, 8 Nisan 1939’da
Akdeniz Anlaşmalarından çekilmiştir. Türkiye, İkinci Dünya Savaşının
hemen öncesinde, “ihtiyatlı ve acele” bir politika izleyerek, Akdeniz
Anlaşmalarından kaynaklanabilecek çatışma ortamlarından sakınmak
istemiştir.
In the Spanish Civil War, before the breakout of World War II, Turkey became a part of the Mediterranean Agreements against the marine piracy in the Mediterranean that appeared due to the conflict between the revisionist and the anti-revisionist blocks. In August of 1937, Turkey was affected by marine piracy when two ships, which were taking provisions from the Soviet Union to the Republicans in Spain, were sunk in front of the Dardanelles. Turkey took part in the Mediterranean Nyon and Geneva Agreements against marine piracy in September 1937 and allocated two ports to British ships within the frame of these Treaties. While it was necessary for Turkey to take measures against the piracy targeted at submarines, ships and planes in all its territorial waters within the frame of these Mediterranean Agreements, it took measures only in the territorial waters of the Dardanelles, Gokceada and Bozcaada. While the capacity of the naval power was decisive in Turkey's taking such measures, its unwillingness to create an atmosphere of conflict with Italy was also effective. While the marine piracy could not be prevented in the Western Mediterranean, there was no marine piracy in the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea. The reason for this is not the measures taken within the framework of the Agreements but the fact that the Soviet Union sent its assistance through France instead of the Mediterranean way. At the end of 1938, along with Britain, Turkey sought to withdraw from the Treaties, however, Britain did not approve of this due to the on going marine piracy in the Western Mediterrenean. Immediately after the invasions of Czechoslovakia and Albania, Turkey withdrew from the Mediterranean Agreements, on April 8, 1939, before all the other countries. Just before the World War II, with “cautious and quick” policies, Turkey sought to escape any confrontation that might originate from the Mediterranean Agreements.
In the Spanish Civil War, before the breakout of World War II, Turkey became a part of the Mediterranean Agreements against the marine piracy in the Mediterranean that appeared due to the conflict between the revisionist and the anti-revisionist blocks. In August of 1937, Turkey was affected by marine piracy when two ships, which were taking provisions from the Soviet Union to the Republicans in Spain, were sunk in front of the Dardanelles. Turkey took part in the Mediterranean Nyon and Geneva Agreements against marine piracy in September 1937 and allocated two ports to British ships within the frame of these Treaties. While it was necessary for Turkey to take measures against the piracy targeted at submarines, ships and planes in all its territorial waters within the frame of these Mediterranean Agreements, it took measures only in the territorial waters of the Dardanelles, Gokceada and Bozcaada. While the capacity of the naval power was decisive in Turkey's taking such measures, its unwillingness to create an atmosphere of conflict with Italy was also effective. While the marine piracy could not be prevented in the Western Mediterranean, there was no marine piracy in the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea. The reason for this is not the measures taken within the framework of the Agreements but the fact that the Soviet Union sent its assistance through France instead of the Mediterranean way. At the end of 1938, along with Britain, Turkey sought to withdraw from the Treaties, however, Britain did not approve of this due to the on going marine piracy in the Western Mediterrenean. Immediately after the invasions of Czechoslovakia and Albania, Turkey withdrew from the Mediterranean Agreements, on April 8, 1939, before all the other countries. Just before the World War II, with “cautious and quick” policies, Turkey sought to escape any confrontation that might originate from the Mediterranean Agreements.
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Tarih, Uluslararası İlişkiler
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WoS Q
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Source
Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi
Volume
17
Issue
34
Start Page
863
End Page
900
