The Marlovian concept of 'hero' as reflected in Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine and the Jew of Malta
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2005
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ÖZET Bu tezin amacı Christopher Marlowe tarafından yazılmış olan üç oyunun - Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine ve The Jew of Malta - Elizabeth dönemi İngiltere'sinde tarihi yönden incelenmesidir. Yapılan araştırmada Tarihsel İnceleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu yazar Christopher Marlowe 1564'te Canterbury' de doğmuş ve 1593'te ölmüştür. Yirmidokuz yıllık çalkantılı hayatına Cambridge Üniversitesinde Lisans ve Yüksekîi.sans eğitimini, çeviri, şiir ve oyun çalışmalarım ve İngiliz Gizli Servis görevlerini sığdırmayı başarmıştır. Oyunlarının kahramanlarında kendi hayatından kesitler geniş ölçüde yer alır. Kahramanların ortak özellikleri ise güç - fiziksel, bilimsel ya da maddi - elde etmek için her türlü yola başvurmaktan çekinmemeleri, üstlendikleri misyonu sınırların çok ötesine taşımaya meyilli olmalarıdır. Doctor Faustus adlı oyunda daha fazla bilgi, dolayısıyla da daha fazla güç elde etmek isteyen bir akademisyenin ruhunu ve bedenini şeytana satması işlenmektedir. Yazarın yaşadığı dönemin vazgeçilmez unsuru olan bilgi edinme ve edinilen bilgiyi çabucak tüketme eğiliminden yola çıkılarak yazılmış bir oyundur Doctor Faustus. Dünyevi bilgileri edinmiş ve çoktan tüketmiş olan doktor daha fazla bilgi, hiç kimsenin sahip olamayacağı bilgi için herşeyini feda etmeye hazırdır. En ulaşılmaz olan bilgiye, yani tanrısal bilgiye erişebilmek için şeytanla anlaşma yapar ve ruhunu- ve bedenini şeytana satar. Ancak sonuçta edinebildiği bilgi klasik Hristiyan doktrinlerinden daha fazlası değildir. Tamburlaim gözünü iktidar hırsı bürümüş bir çobanın hikayesidir. Çobanlıktan hükümdarlığa giden yolda kazanılabilecek her karış toprak için yapılmayacak hiçbirşey yoktur Tamburlaine için. Dönemin en büyük hükümdarlarını basamak olarak kullanmaktan bile çekinmez. Asar, keser, öldürür, kumpaslar kurar ancak sonunda bir kral kızı olan Zenocrate'a teslim olur. Birinci bölümün sonunda Tamburlaine ve Zenocrate'm evliliklerine şahit olunur. Önüne geçilmez bir hükümdarlık kurmak için yapılan herşey, güzellik kavramına boyun eğer. The Jew of Malta, dönemin ticaret rotalarının kesişme noktasında, İngiltere, İspanya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki güç savaşlarına sahne olan bir adada, Malta' da yaşayan bir yahudinin öyküsüdür. Yahudilerde tipik olarak bilinen para kazanma hırsı kurnaz Barabas'ta da fazlasıyla mevcuttur. Ancak Malta valisi olan Ferenze'nin de kurnazlıkta Barabas'tan aşağı kalır yanı yoktur ve Osmanlılara borçlu olduğu vergiyi adada yaşayan yahudilerden toplamaya kalkar. Gönüllü verenden malının yarısını, gönülsüz olanların da tüm malvarlığını alır. Tek gönülsüz olan Barabas'tır çünkü bir yahudi olarak kendini diğerlerinden daha üstün görmektedir ve bu yüzden de oyun boyunca Hristiyan rejimden intikam almaya çalışır. Sonuç olarak her üç karater de içinde yaşadıkları toplumda, güç hırslarıyla ön plana çıkan sıradan insanlardır. ııı
SUMMARY The aim of this thesis is to study the three plays - Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta - written by Christopher Marlowe within the Elizabethan period. In this study, historical research method is used. The above mentioned playwright Christopher Marlowe was. born in 1564 in Canterbury and died in 1593. Into his twenty-nine year rough and passionate life Christopher Marlowe was able to fit Cambridge University BA and MA degrees, translations from classics, poetry, theatrical plays and a position in English Secret Service. The traces from the life of the playwright himself are largely observed in his protagonists. The common features of the characters are that, in order to achieve power - physical, scientific or financial - they never hesitate to try every way, and their tendency to carry on the missions they have undertaken beyond boundaries. In Doctor Faustus the studied concept is an academician's selling his body and soul to the Devil in order to gain further knowledge, therefore more power. Doctor Faustus is a play written out of the tendency, which is an inevitable element of the period of the playwright, which is 16. century Renaissance England, achieving knowledge and consuming that knowledge as soon as it is gained.. Doctor Faustus, who has already gained earthly knowledge is ready to give up everything for further, not-accessible-by-everybody knowledge. In order to reach the inaccessible, divine knowledge he makes a contract with the Devil. But in the end the only knowledge he is able to gain is nothing more than classical Christian doctrines. Tamburlaine is a story of a shepherd passionate about an earthly crown. There is nothing impossible for Tamburlaine in his way going up from being a shepherd to kingship for a little piece of land to be conquered. He even does not hesitate to use the famous rulers of the period as footstools. He acts violently, hags, cuts, kills, sets up intrigues but in the end he surrenders to the daughter of the Soldon, Zenocrate. By the end of the first part we witness the legal marriage of Tamburlaine ve Zenocrate. Everything that has been done to establish an invincible kingship, bows in front of the concept of beauty. The Jew of Malta, is the story of a Jew living in Malta, a junction point of the peroid's trade routes and a battleground for power struggles among England, Spain and Ottoman Empire. The desire or passion for earning money, known as typical of Jews, exists in cunning Barabas excessively. But the governor of Malta, Ferenze is not less cunning than Barabas and he tries to take the tribute, which he owes to the Ottomans from the Jews living in the island. He takes half of the belongings of the voluntarily givers and the whole belongings of the ones who are not volunteers. The only opposing person is Barabas because he considers himself 'of a finer mould' as a Jew from the other Jews and that is why he struggles to take revenge from the dominant Christian society throughout the play. As a result, in the societies they live in all three characters are ordinary people, who stand out with their ambitions for power. IV
SUMMARY The aim of this thesis is to study the three plays - Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta - written by Christopher Marlowe within the Elizabethan period. In this study, historical research method is used. The above mentioned playwright Christopher Marlowe was. born in 1564 in Canterbury and died in 1593. Into his twenty-nine year rough and passionate life Christopher Marlowe was able to fit Cambridge University BA and MA degrees, translations from classics, poetry, theatrical plays and a position in English Secret Service. The traces from the life of the playwright himself are largely observed in his protagonists. The common features of the characters are that, in order to achieve power - physical, scientific or financial - they never hesitate to try every way, and their tendency to carry on the missions they have undertaken beyond boundaries. In Doctor Faustus the studied concept is an academician's selling his body and soul to the Devil in order to gain further knowledge, therefore more power. Doctor Faustus is a play written out of the tendency, which is an inevitable element of the period of the playwright, which is 16. century Renaissance England, achieving knowledge and consuming that knowledge as soon as it is gained.. Doctor Faustus, who has already gained earthly knowledge is ready to give up everything for further, not-accessible-by-everybody knowledge. In order to reach the inaccessible, divine knowledge he makes a contract with the Devil. But in the end the only knowledge he is able to gain is nothing more than classical Christian doctrines. Tamburlaine is a story of a shepherd passionate about an earthly crown. There is nothing impossible for Tamburlaine in his way going up from being a shepherd to kingship for a little piece of land to be conquered. He even does not hesitate to use the famous rulers of the period as footstools. He acts violently, hags, cuts, kills, sets up intrigues but in the end he surrenders to the daughter of the Soldon, Zenocrate. By the end of the first part we witness the legal marriage of Tamburlaine ve Zenocrate. Everything that has been done to establish an invincible kingship, bows in front of the concept of beauty. The Jew of Malta, is the story of a Jew living in Malta, a junction point of the peroid's trade routes and a battleground for power struggles among England, Spain and Ottoman Empire. The desire or passion for earning money, known as typical of Jews, exists in cunning Barabas excessively. But the governor of Malta, Ferenze is not less cunning than Barabas and he tries to take the tribute, which he owes to the Ottomans from the Jews living in the island. He takes half of the belongings of the voluntarily givers and the whole belongings of the ones who are not volunteers. The only opposing person is Barabas because he considers himself 'of a finer mould' as a Jew from the other Jews and that is why he struggles to take revenge from the dominant Christian society throughout the play. As a result, in the societies they live in all three characters are ordinary people, who stand out with their ambitions for power. IV
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İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı, English Linguistics and Literature
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