Güneş esaslı hibrit güç sistemlerinin tasarımı ve optimizasyonu
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Date
2020
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Abstract
Gelişen teknoloji ve artan Dünya nüfusuyla birlikte enerji talebi de artmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların günden güne tükenmesi nedeniyle, temiz enerji üretmek için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. En çok tercih edilen yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olan güneş enerjisi bulutlu günlerde ve gecelerde kullanılamaz. Ayrıca güneş enerjisinin en büyük dezavantajı depolanma sorunun olmasıdır. Bu şartlarda enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak ve sürekliliği sağlamak için yakıt pilleri kullanılır. Kısa başlangıç sürelerinin olması ve yüksek verimlilikleri nedeniyle yakıt pilleri popüler hale geldi. Evrende en çok bulunan element olan Hidrojen (H2), yakıt pillerinde yakıt olarak kullanılır. H2 enerji kaynağı değildir ancak çok iyi bir enerji taşıyıcısıdır. Yakıt olarak kullanıldığında su ya da su buharı ortaya çıkar. Enerji üretimi sırasında, çevreyi kirleten ve sera etkisini arttıran kimyasallar ve zararlı gazlar yoktur ve bu da çevre dostu olduğunu kanıtlar. Bu tez çalışmasında, Şanlıurfa'da bulunan bir seranın enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için günde 5 saat çalıştırılacak olan 2.4 kW Proton Değişim Membran Yakıt Pili (PEMFC) tasarlanmıştır. PEMFC'nin gereksinimi olan H2'yi üretmek için elektrolizör dizayn edilmiş ve elektrolizörün çalışması için gerekli olan elektrik 80 adet fotovoltaik (PV) modülden sağlanmıştır. Sistemde üretilen H2 PEMFC'de kullanılmak üzere tanklarda depolanır. Tasarlanan sistemde bir yılın sonunda toplam 430 kg H2 depolanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra PEMFC çalışırken ısı ortaya çıkar ve bir günlük çalışmada yaklaşık olarak 20 kW ısı üretilmektedir. Bu ısı PEMFC'nin güvenliği ve yüksek verimliliğin sağlanması için uzaklaştırılmalıdır. Tasarlanan sistemde PEMFC tarafından üretilen ısı bir ısı değiştiricisi yardımıyla uzaklaştırılmaktadır. Bu işlemde ısı uzaklaştırılması ile ısınan PEMFC soğutma suyunun sıcaklığı 34 oC'ye kadar düşerken, seranın ısınması için kullanılacak suyun ısısını 61 oC'ye kadar çıkarılmıştır. Yatırım, işletme ve bakım maliyetinin, hibrit enerji sisteminin çalışma süresince ürettiği enerji miktarına oranı seviyelendirilmiş enerji maliyetini verir. Bu sisteminin seviyelendirilmiş enerji maliyeti 1.77 $/kWh olarak hesaplanmıştır.
With the developing technology and increasing World population, energy demand is increasing. Since fossil fuels are running out day by day, renewable energy sources have been used to produce clean energy. The most preferred renewable energy source is the Sun that cannot be used on cloudy days and nights. Also, the most important disadvantages of solar energy are storage. In these conditions, fuel cells are used to meet the energy needs and ensure continuity. Due to their short start-up times and high efficiency, fuel cells have become popular. Hydrogen (H2), the most common element in the universe, is used as a fuel in fuel cells. H2 is not an energy source, but it is a very good energy carrier. When H2 used as a fuel, water or water vapor is released. During the production of energy, there is no harmful gases and chemicals which pollute the environment and increase the greenhouse effect which proves that it is environmentally friendly. In this thesis, 2.4 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), which was operated for 5 hours a day, was designed to meet the energy needs of a greenhouse in Şanliurfa. The electrolyzer was designed to produce H2 for PEMFC and the electricity demand for the operation of the electrolyzer was supplied from 80 photovoltaic (PV) cells. The produced H2 was stored in storage tanks for use in PEMFC. At the end of 365 days, total of 430 kg H2 was stored with designed system. Also, heat was released when PEMFC operates and it was approximately 20 kW per day. This heat must be removed to ensure that the PEMFC's safety and high efficiency. The generated heat produced from PEMFC was removed with the help of the heat exchanger. In this process, while the temperature of the PEMFC cooling water, which was heated by the heat removal, decreases to 34 oC, the temperature of the water to be used for the heating of the greenhouse is increased up to 61 oC. The ratio of investment, operation, and maintenance costs to the amount of energy produced by hybrid energy system during operation gives the levelized cost of energy. It was calculated 1.77 $/kWh for this hybrid energy system.
With the developing technology and increasing World population, energy demand is increasing. Since fossil fuels are running out day by day, renewable energy sources have been used to produce clean energy. The most preferred renewable energy source is the Sun that cannot be used on cloudy days and nights. Also, the most important disadvantages of solar energy are storage. In these conditions, fuel cells are used to meet the energy needs and ensure continuity. Due to their short start-up times and high efficiency, fuel cells have become popular. Hydrogen (H2), the most common element in the universe, is used as a fuel in fuel cells. H2 is not an energy source, but it is a very good energy carrier. When H2 used as a fuel, water or water vapor is released. During the production of energy, there is no harmful gases and chemicals which pollute the environment and increase the greenhouse effect which proves that it is environmentally friendly. In this thesis, 2.4 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), which was operated for 5 hours a day, was designed to meet the energy needs of a greenhouse in Şanliurfa. The electrolyzer was designed to produce H2 for PEMFC and the electricity demand for the operation of the electrolyzer was supplied from 80 photovoltaic (PV) cells. The produced H2 was stored in storage tanks for use in PEMFC. At the end of 365 days, total of 430 kg H2 was stored with designed system. Also, heat was released when PEMFC operates and it was approximately 20 kW per day. This heat must be removed to ensure that the PEMFC's safety and high efficiency. The generated heat produced from PEMFC was removed with the help of the heat exchanger. In this process, while the temperature of the PEMFC cooling water, which was heated by the heat removal, decreases to 34 oC, the temperature of the water to be used for the heating of the greenhouse is increased up to 61 oC. The ratio of investment, operation, and maintenance costs to the amount of energy produced by hybrid energy system during operation gives the levelized cost of energy. It was calculated 1.77 $/kWh for this hybrid energy system.
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Enerji, Energy, Fotovoltaik, Photovoltaic
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