Josef Hoffmann'ın Purkersdorf sanatoryumu'nun 'Gesamtkunstwerk' ve Viyana 'Secession' bağlamında incelenmesi
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Date
2023
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Pfeiffer Taş, Şule
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Open Access Color
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Abstract
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Viyana Secession'un kurucularından ve öncü mimarlarından Josef Hoffmann'ın 1904-05 yılları arasında Viyana yakınlarında küçük bir yerleşim olan Purkersdorf'ta aynı isimle tasarlayıp uyguladığı sanatoryum yapısının Gesamtkunstwerk ve Viyana Secession bağlamında incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle Endüstri Devrimi'nin mimariye yansımasına, Arts and Crafts ve Art Nouveau akımlarına kısaca değinilmiştir. Viyana Secession akımının ortaya çıktığı 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Viyana'daki mimarlık ortamı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Gesamtkunstwerk anlayışının ve Viyana Secession akımının ortaya çıkış süreci araştırılmıştır. Viyana Secession mimarı Josef Hoffmann'ın hayatı, üslubu ve bazı yapıları anlatılmış ve Gesamtkunstwerk anlayışıyla ilişkisi tartışılmıştır. Sanatoryum yapılarının gelişim süreci örnekler verilerek irdelenmiştir. Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu ile ilgili literatür ve arşiv taranmış, fotoğraflar üzerinden yakın çevresiyle ilişkisi, mimari üslubu, malzeme kullanımı, çatı tasarımı, cephe ve plan özellikleri incelenmiş, restorasyon sonrası planları analiz edilmiş ve yapının güncel durumu hakkında bilgi aktarılmıştır. Gesamtkunstwerk anlayışının yapıya nasıl yansıdığını tespit edebilmek için iç mekân özelliklerine ve donatılara yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Viyana ve yakın çevresinde Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu'yla yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde inşa edilen sanatoryum örnekleri seçilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Wienerwald Sanatoryumu (1904), Luithlen Sanatoryumu (1908) ve Lupus Sanatoryumu'nun (1910-13) kronolojik olarak incelenmesi ve birbirleriyle karşılaştırılarak Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu'nun ayrışan özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu'nun, konum ve plan şeması gibi özelliklerle Wienerwald Sanatoryumu'yla, mimari üslup ve malzeme seçimi açısından ise Lupus Sanatoryumu'yla benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu, Viyana Secession'u Art Nouveau akımından ayıran en belirgin özelliklerden biri olan geometrik üsluba sahiptir. İşlevsel tasarımı, çağdaş malzeme olan betonarme kullanımı, düz çatısı, katı geometrik formu ve Gesamtkunstwerk anlayışıyla tasarlanması gibi öne çıkan özellikleriyle çalışmada incelenen diğer sanatoryumlardan farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Cephedeki sırlı seramik karo bordürler, iç mekândaki mobilyalar, donatılar ve frizler Gesamtkunstwerk kapsamında tasarlanmıştır. Ayrıca Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu, işlevsel amaca sahip bordürler ve doğu cephesindeki giriş kapısının sağında ve solunda yer alan kabartmalar hariç süslemeden uzaklaştırılmıştır. Bu yenilikçi ve sade cephe tasarımıyla da diğer sanatoryumlardan ayrışmaktadır. Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu'nda ihtiyaç programının karşılanması hedeflenmiştir. İşlev odaklı tasarım anlayışına sahip olan sanatoryumda hastaların karşılaşabilecekleri zorluklar önceden düşünülmüş ve çözüm üretilmiştir. Böylece hastaların tedavi süreçlerinin ve günlük rutinlerinin belli bir düzende ilerlemesi sağlanmıştır. Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu'nun öne çıkan tüm bu özellikleriyle Viyana Secession'un mimari bağlamda modernizme geçişi sürecinde öncü yapılardan biri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Art Nouveau, Viyana Secession, Gesamtkunstwerk (Bütüncül Sanat Eseri), Josef Hoffmann, Purkersdorf Sanatoryumu
The main purpose of this study is to examine the sanatorium building designed and implemented by Josef Hoffmann, one of the founders and pioneer architects of the Vienna Secession, with the same name in Purkersdorf, a small settlement near Vienna, between 1904-05, in the context of the Gesamtkunstwerk and the Vienna Secession. For this purpose, first of all, the reflection of the Industrial Revolution on architecture, Arts and Crafts, and Art Nouveau movements are briefly mentioned. Information is given about the architectural environment in Vienna in the second half of the 19th century when the Vienna Secession movement emerged. The emergence process of the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk and the Vienna Secession movement has been investigated. The life, style, and some of the buildings of Vienna Secession architect Josef Hoffmann are described, and his relationship with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk is discussed. The development process of sanatorium buildings is examined by giving examples. The literature and archive related to the Purkersdorf Sanatorium were scanned, the relationship with the immediate surroundings, architectural style, use of materials, roof design, façade, and plan features were examined through photographs, post-restoration plans were analyzed and information about the current status of the building was conveyed. To determine how the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk is reflected in the building, interior features, and equipment are included. In this study, examples of sanatoriums built at the same time as the Purkersdorf Sanatorium in Vienna and its immediate vicinity were selected. In this context, it is aimed to examine Wienerwald Sanatorium (1904), Luithlen Sanatorium (1908), and Lupus Sanatorium (1910-13) chronologically and to determine the distinctive features of Purkersdorf Sanatorium by comparing them with each other. It has been determined that Purkersdorf Sanatorium is similar to Wienerwald Sanatorium in terms of location and plan scheme, and Lupus Sanatorium in terms of architectural style and material selection. The Purkersdorf Sanatorium has a geometric style, which is one of the most distinctive features that distinguishes the Vienna Secession from the Art Nouveau movement. It is seen that it differs from other sanatoriums examined in the study with its prominent features such as functional design, the use of reinforced concrete, which is a contemporary material, flat roof, solid geometric form, and design with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk. The glazed ceramic tile borders on the façade, furniture, equipment, and friezes in the interior are designed within the scope of Gesamtkunstwerk. In addition, Purkersdorf Sanatorium has been removed from decoration except for the borders with functional purposes and the reliefs located to the right and left of the entrance door on the eastern façade. It also differs from other sanatoriums with this innovative and simple façade design. In Purkersdorf Sanatorium, it is aimed to meet the building program. In the sanatorium, which has a function-oriented design approach, the difficulties that the patients may encounter were considered beforehand and solutions were produced. Thus, it has been ensured that the patients' treatment processes and daily routines progress in a certain order. With all these prominent features of the Purkersdorf Sanatorium, it is concluded that it is one of the pioneering buildings in the process of the Vienna Secession's transition to modernism in the architectural context. Keywords: Art Nouveau, Vienna Secession, Gesamtkunstwerk (Total Work of Art), Josef Hoffmann, Purkersdorf Sanatorium
The main purpose of this study is to examine the sanatorium building designed and implemented by Josef Hoffmann, one of the founders and pioneer architects of the Vienna Secession, with the same name in Purkersdorf, a small settlement near Vienna, between 1904-05, in the context of the Gesamtkunstwerk and the Vienna Secession. For this purpose, first of all, the reflection of the Industrial Revolution on architecture, Arts and Crafts, and Art Nouveau movements are briefly mentioned. Information is given about the architectural environment in Vienna in the second half of the 19th century when the Vienna Secession movement emerged. The emergence process of the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk and the Vienna Secession movement has been investigated. The life, style, and some of the buildings of Vienna Secession architect Josef Hoffmann are described, and his relationship with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk is discussed. The development process of sanatorium buildings is examined by giving examples. The literature and archive related to the Purkersdorf Sanatorium were scanned, the relationship with the immediate surroundings, architectural style, use of materials, roof design, façade, and plan features were examined through photographs, post-restoration plans were analyzed and information about the current status of the building was conveyed. To determine how the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk is reflected in the building, interior features, and equipment are included. In this study, examples of sanatoriums built at the same time as the Purkersdorf Sanatorium in Vienna and its immediate vicinity were selected. In this context, it is aimed to examine Wienerwald Sanatorium (1904), Luithlen Sanatorium (1908), and Lupus Sanatorium (1910-13) chronologically and to determine the distinctive features of Purkersdorf Sanatorium by comparing them with each other. It has been determined that Purkersdorf Sanatorium is similar to Wienerwald Sanatorium in terms of location and plan scheme, and Lupus Sanatorium in terms of architectural style and material selection. The Purkersdorf Sanatorium has a geometric style, which is one of the most distinctive features that distinguishes the Vienna Secession from the Art Nouveau movement. It is seen that it differs from other sanatoriums examined in the study with its prominent features such as functional design, the use of reinforced concrete, which is a contemporary material, flat roof, solid geometric form, and design with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk. The glazed ceramic tile borders on the façade, furniture, equipment, and friezes in the interior are designed within the scope of Gesamtkunstwerk. In addition, Purkersdorf Sanatorium has been removed from decoration except for the borders with functional purposes and the reliefs located to the right and left of the entrance door on the eastern façade. It also differs from other sanatoriums with this innovative and simple façade design. In Purkersdorf Sanatorium, it is aimed to meet the building program. In the sanatorium, which has a function-oriented design approach, the difficulties that the patients may encounter were considered beforehand and solutions were produced. Thus, it has been ensured that the patients' treatment processes and daily routines progress in a certain order. With all these prominent features of the Purkersdorf Sanatorium, it is concluded that it is one of the pioneering buildings in the process of the Vienna Secession's transition to modernism in the architectural context. Keywords: Art Nouveau, Vienna Secession, Gesamtkunstwerk (Total Work of Art), Josef Hoffmann, Purkersdorf Sanatorium
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Mimarlık, Architecture, Art Nouveau mimarisi, Art Nouveau architecture
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