Mikro İnvertorlü ve Dizi İnvertörlü Fotovoltaik Sistemlerin Modellenmesi ve Karşılştırılması
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Date
2019
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Abstract
Fotovoltaik paneller, güneş enerjisini seri ve paralel bağlanmış fotovoltaik hücreler vasıtasıyla doğrudan elektrik enerjisine dönüştüren yapılardır. Fotovoltaik panel verimliliğini negatif yönde etkileyen birkaç neden vardır. Panelin üzerine düşen geçici veya sürekli gölgeleme, panel veriminin düşmesinin sebeplerinden bir tanesidir. Paneller, bulutlar, binalar, toz, kuş veya yaprak gibi engeller nedeniyle gölgelenmeye maruz kalabilir.Ek olarak, sürekli gölgeleme sıcak nokta etkisi yaratır. Bu durum uzun vadede panelde veya panel grubunda arızalara neden olmaktadır. Sistemlerde ortaya çıkan bir diğer problem, fotovoltaik panellerin birbirine bağlanması noktasında ortaya çıkar. Fotovoltaik paneller, özellikle büyük ölçekli fotovoltaik sistemlerde seri olarak bağlanır. Seri bağlı paneller çok yüksek gerilimlere ulaşır ve yüksek gerilime dayalı problemler ortaya çıkabilir. Dizi invertörün kullanıldığı fotovoltaik sistemlerde, fotovoltaik paneller sınırlı şekillerde yerleştirilebilir. Bunun karşısında, mikro invertörler panel tabanlı sistemlerdir ve kurulumu kolaydır. Panelleri invertöre göre yerleştirmeye gerek yoktur. Mikro invertörler, genellikle küçük ölçekli fotovoltaik sistemler için tercih edilse de, bazı durumlarda büyük ölçekli fotovoltaik sistemlerde de kullanılır. Her panel kendi AC gücünü ürettiğinden, yüksek voltaj sorunu ortadan kalkar. Fakat yüksek maliyetleri ve dizi invertörlere göre daha düşük olan verimleri nedeniyle büyük ölçekli tesislerde tercih edilmemektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, bu problemler göz önüne alınarak, Ankara İlinde 24 kWp kurulu güce sahip fotovoltaik bir sistemin, üç farklı gölge yoğunluğunda hem dizi invertör hem de mikro invertör ile bir paket program yardımıyla simülasyonları yapılmıştır. Yapılan simülasyon raporları doğrultusunda sistemler karşılaştırılmıştır.
Photovoltaic panels are structures that convert solar energy directly into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells connected in series and parallel. Several reasons are affecting photovoltaic panel efficiency negatively. Shading on the panel temporarily or permanently is one of the reason reduction of the efficiency. Panels can be exposed to the shading due to the clouding, buildings, or any other obstacles like dust, bird or leaf. Additionally, constant shadowing generates a hot spot effect. This situation causes some failures in the long-term on the panel or the panel group. Another problem is about connecting photovoltaic panels. In mostly, photovoltaic panels are connected in series at the plant-based systems. Panels connected in serial reach very high voltages and the high voltage based failure can occur. In these systems, photovoltaic panels can be arranged in limited ways in photovoltaic systems where the string inverter is used. Conversely, micro inverters are panel based systems and more comfortable to install. There is not any necessity to arrange the panels concerning the inverter. Although micro inverters are preferred for small scale photovoltaic systems, in some cases, they are used for large scale photovoltaic systems. Since each panel produces its own AC power, the high voltage problem is eliminated. However, due to their high costs and lower efficiencies, they are not preferred especially in large scale plants. In this thesis, considering these problems, 24 kWp installed power photovoltaic system in Ankara iii June 2019, 96 pages Province was simulated with three different shading densities with both string and micro inverters and these simulations were compared.
Photovoltaic panels are structures that convert solar energy directly into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells connected in series and parallel. Several reasons are affecting photovoltaic panel efficiency negatively. Shading on the panel temporarily or permanently is one of the reason reduction of the efficiency. Panels can be exposed to the shading due to the clouding, buildings, or any other obstacles like dust, bird or leaf. Additionally, constant shadowing generates a hot spot effect. This situation causes some failures in the long-term on the panel or the panel group. Another problem is about connecting photovoltaic panels. In mostly, photovoltaic panels are connected in series at the plant-based systems. Panels connected in serial reach very high voltages and the high voltage based failure can occur. In these systems, photovoltaic panels can be arranged in limited ways in photovoltaic systems where the string inverter is used. Conversely, micro inverters are panel based systems and more comfortable to install. There is not any necessity to arrange the panels concerning the inverter. Although micro inverters are preferred for small scale photovoltaic systems, in some cases, they are used for large scale photovoltaic systems. Since each panel produces its own AC power, the high voltage problem is eliminated. However, due to their high costs and lower efficiencies, they are not preferred especially in large scale plants. In this thesis, considering these problems, 24 kWp installed power photovoltaic system in Ankara iii June 2019, 96 pages Province was simulated with three different shading densities with both string and micro inverters and these simulations were compared.
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Enerji, Energy
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