Ulusal kurtuluş mücadelesinin feminist okuması: Kahraman olarak kadın, asker olarak kadın, anne olarak kadın
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2024
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Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun dağılma sürecine girmesiyle birlikte Anadolu coğrafyasında Türk milletinin kendini yeniden var etme ve bir devlet olarak uluslararası sistemde kendini kabul ettirme sürecinin adıdır. Savaşın genel seyrine bakıldığında bu savaşta kadınların erkeklerle birlikte mücadele verdikleri görülmektedir. Bu tezde, kadınların Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesinde göstermiş oldukları çabanın ülkenin kurulması üzerindeki etkisine değil, feminist bir eleştiri ile savaş sonrasında yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde kadınlara bakış açısının değişip değişmediğine, kadının yeni dönemdeki konumu ve kadın hakları üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılmıştır. Bu konunun seçilmesinin sebebi Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesi'nin sadece tarih disipli içinde ele alınması, uluslararası ilişkiler ve feminist teori çerçevesinde daha önce değerlendirmesinin yapılmamış olmasıdır. Tez, uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde feminist teori üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesi'nin getirmiş olduğu olağanüstü şartlar altında kadınlar geleneksel rollerinin getirmiş olduğu annelik ve bakım hizmetlerine ek olarak, o zamana kadar erkeklere atfedilmiş olan kahramanlık ve askerlik rollerini de üstlenmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu zaruriyet hali kadının erkeklere göre daha az vasfa sahip olmadığını gözler önüne sermiştir. Türk kadını, Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesinde üç farklı rol üstlenmek zorunda kalmıştır. Protestolar, mitingler, örgütlenmeler, cephanelik taşıma ve yurdun erkeklerden arda kalan tüm diğer işlerinin altından kalkarak kahramanlık yapan kadınlar, eline silahını alıp cepheye koşarak askerlik vasfını yerine getirmiştir. Çocuğuna, yetim ve öksüz kalan çocuklara, yaşlılara, cephedeki askere ve cepheden gelen yaralılara bakarken, annelik görevini de icra etmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışma içinde uluslararası ilişkilerde feminist teori, Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadelesi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk 10 senesi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Tanzimat ile başlayan kadın hareketleri ve kazanılmış haklar detaylıca incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kadınların göstermiş olduğu çabalara karşılık Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde kadın haklarına yönelik düzenlemeler yapılmış ancak kadın temelde anne vasfını aşamamıştır. Erkek eliyle getirilmiş olan tüm yenilikler kadının toplumsal rolünde herhangi bir değişim sağlamamıştır.
The National Struggle for Liberation is the name of the process of the Turkish nation re-establishing itself in the Anatolian geography and establishing itself as a state in the international system after the Ottoman Empire entered the process of disintegration. When we look at the general course of the war, it is seen that women fought together with men in this war. In this thesis, it is focused not on the impact of the efforts of women in the National Liberation Struggle on the establishment of the country, but on whether the perspective on women changed in the newly established Republic of Turkey after the war, with a feminist criticism, and its impact on women's position and women's rights in the new period. The reason for choosing this topic is that the National Liberation Struggle is subject to the discipline of history and has not been evaluated before within the framework of international relations and feminist theory. The thesis is built on feminist theory in the discipline of international relations. Under the extraordinary conditions brought about by the National Liberation Struggle, women had to undertake the heroic and military roles that had been attributed to men until then, in addition to the motherhood and care services that came with their traditional roles. This state of necessity has revealed that women do not have less qualifications than men. Turkish women had to undertake three different roles in the National Liberation Struggle. Women who performed heroism by carrying out protests, rallies, organizations, carrying ammunition and all other tasks left behind by men in the country, fulfilled their military service qualifications by taking their weapons and running to the front. She fulfilled her duty as a mother by taking care of her children, orphaned children, the elderly, soldiers at the front, and the wounded from the front. In this context, feminist theory in international relations, the National Liberation Struggle, the first 10 years of the Republic of Turkey, women's movements starting with Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire and acquired rights were examined in detail in the study. As a result, in response to the efforts made by women, regulations for women's rights were made in the Republic of Turkey, but women could not basically surpass the qualifications of mothers. All the innovations brought by men did not bring any change in the social role of women.
The National Struggle for Liberation is the name of the process of the Turkish nation re-establishing itself in the Anatolian geography and establishing itself as a state in the international system after the Ottoman Empire entered the process of disintegration. When we look at the general course of the war, it is seen that women fought together with men in this war. In this thesis, it is focused not on the impact of the efforts of women in the National Liberation Struggle on the establishment of the country, but on whether the perspective on women changed in the newly established Republic of Turkey after the war, with a feminist criticism, and its impact on women's position and women's rights in the new period. The reason for choosing this topic is that the National Liberation Struggle is subject to the discipline of history and has not been evaluated before within the framework of international relations and feminist theory. The thesis is built on feminist theory in the discipline of international relations. Under the extraordinary conditions brought about by the National Liberation Struggle, women had to undertake the heroic and military roles that had been attributed to men until then, in addition to the motherhood and care services that came with their traditional roles. This state of necessity has revealed that women do not have less qualifications than men. Turkish women had to undertake three different roles in the National Liberation Struggle. Women who performed heroism by carrying out protests, rallies, organizations, carrying ammunition and all other tasks left behind by men in the country, fulfilled their military service qualifications by taking their weapons and running to the front. She fulfilled her duty as a mother by taking care of her children, orphaned children, the elderly, soldiers at the front, and the wounded from the front. In this context, feminist theory in international relations, the National Liberation Struggle, the first 10 years of the Republic of Turkey, women's movements starting with Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire and acquired rights were examined in detail in the study. As a result, in response to the efforts made by women, regulations for women's rights were made in the Republic of Turkey, but women could not basically surpass the qualifications of mothers. All the innovations brought by men did not bring any change in the social role of women.
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Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
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142