Ütopik bir dünyanın imkanı imkansızlığı: H. G. Wells'in Kuyrukluyıldız Günleri ve Arthur C. Clarke'ın Çocukluğun Sonu
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2023
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Bu tezde, H. G. Wells ve Arthur C. Clarke tarafından kaleme alınan iki klasik İngiliz bilim kurgu eseri olan Kuyrukluyıldız Günleri (1906) ve Çocukluğun Sonu (1953) kültürel materyalizm çerçevesinde incelenmekte ve tartışılmaktadır. Kültürel materyalistler; sosyal kurumlar, sınıf ve günlük yaşamla ilgili konulara odaklanarak, hükümet, kilise ve eğitim sistemi dahil olmak üzere mevcut iktidar yapılarının, ideolojileri yaymak için kullandıkları yöntemlere dikkat çekmeyi amaçlar. Bunu başarmak için kültürel materyalistler, ilk olarak bir eserin tarihsel ortamını ve siyasi etkilerini araştırırlar. Daha sonra, baskın hegemonik konumu belirlemek amacıyla onu yakından incelerler. Kültürel materyalistler bir görüşün göz ardı edilebileceği veya zayıflatılabileceği potansiyel yolları listelerler. Kuyrukluyıldız Günleri (1906) ve Çocukluğun Sonu (1953) adlı eserler siyaset, ekonomi, sosyal hayat, din gibi kavramlar ışığında kültürel materyalist bir okumayla incelenerek, bu iki romanın tamamen ütopya olarak kabul edilip edilemeyeceği sorusuna yanıt aranacaktır. Dahası, bu romanlar ütopya olarak etiketlenseler de ütopya kavramını benzer bir şekilde, yani oldukça karamsar bileşenlerle bağdaştırarak ele almaları konusuna da değinmek mümkün olacaktır. Bir başka ifadeyle, bu iki romanın ütopyacı özelliklerinin, karamsar unsurlar tarafından nasıl bastırıldığı ve karanlıkta bırakıldığı sorusu tez boyunca sunulacaktır. Kuyrukluyıldız Günleri (1906) ve Çocukluğun Sonu (1953) romanlarının, ütopik nitelikleri ilk başta ağır basıyor gibi görünse de aslında her iki yazarın da ortak bir özelliği olan bu kesin çizgi bulanıktır; ne tam olarak ütopik ne de tamamen distopik ama ikisinin arasındadır. Dolayısıyla bu tezin amacı, iki bilim kurgu yazarının farklı zaman dilimlerinde yazdığı romanları, kültürel materyalist bakış açısıyla incelemek ve bu romanların ütopik özelliklerinin aslında daha karamsar yönlerine kıyasla belirsiz kaldığını göstermektir.
In this thesis, In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953), two classic works of British science fiction written by H. G. Wells and Arthur C. Clarke, are analysed and discussed in the framework of cultural materialism. By focusing on issues relating to social institutions, class, and daily life, cultural materialists aim to draw attention to the methods used by current power structures to spread ideologies, including the government, church, and educational system. To achieve this, cultural materialists first explore the historical setting and political implications of a work. They then examine it closely in order to identify the dominant hegemonic position. Cultural materialists list potential ways that an opinion could be disregarded or undermined. By examining In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953) in the light of such concepts as politics, economics, social life, and religion through a cultural materialist reading, an answer will be sought to the question of whether these two novels can be completely regarded to be utopias or not. Moreover, although these novels are labelled as utopia, it will be possible to mention that they deal with the concept of utopia in similar ways, that is, by combining it with rather pessimistic components. That is to say, the question of how the utopian features of these two novels are suppressed and left obscure by the pessimistic traits of the novels will be provided throughout the thesis. Although the utopian qualities of these two novels, In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953), seem to outweigh at first, in fact, the exact line is blurred as a common feature by both authors, being neither completely utopian nor completely dystopian, but in between. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the novels of two science fiction authors writing in different time periods in terms of cultural materialist view and to show that the utopian features of these novels actually remain uncertain when compared to their more pessimistic sides.
In this thesis, In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953), two classic works of British science fiction written by H. G. Wells and Arthur C. Clarke, are analysed and discussed in the framework of cultural materialism. By focusing on issues relating to social institutions, class, and daily life, cultural materialists aim to draw attention to the methods used by current power structures to spread ideologies, including the government, church, and educational system. To achieve this, cultural materialists first explore the historical setting and political implications of a work. They then examine it closely in order to identify the dominant hegemonic position. Cultural materialists list potential ways that an opinion could be disregarded or undermined. By examining In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953) in the light of such concepts as politics, economics, social life, and religion through a cultural materialist reading, an answer will be sought to the question of whether these two novels can be completely regarded to be utopias or not. Moreover, although these novels are labelled as utopia, it will be possible to mention that they deal with the concept of utopia in similar ways, that is, by combining it with rather pessimistic components. That is to say, the question of how the utopian features of these two novels are suppressed and left obscure by the pessimistic traits of the novels will be provided throughout the thesis. Although the utopian qualities of these two novels, In the Days of the Comet (1906) and Childhood's End (1953), seem to outweigh at first, in fact, the exact line is blurred as a common feature by both authors, being neither completely utopian nor completely dystopian, but in between. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the novels of two science fiction authors writing in different time periods in terms of cultural materialist view and to show that the utopian features of these novels actually remain uncertain when compared to their more pessimistic sides.
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İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı, English Linguistics and Literature
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