Seçilmiş İngiliz queer romanlarında kadın maskülenlikler: Radclyffe Hall'un The Well of Loneliness ve Sarah Waters'ın Tipping the Velvet adlı romanları
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Date
2023
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Open Access Color
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Abstract
Kadın eşcinselliği edebiyatta 20. Yüzyılda görünür olmaya başlamıştır. Öncesinde şifrelenmiş veya çok sıkı arkadaşlıklar arkasına gizlenmiş bir kadın eşcinsel edebiyatı vardır. Yüzyılın başında seksologların çalışmaları ile lezbiyenlik konuşulur hale gelir. Lezbiyen tanımı ise erkek seksologların eserleri doğrultusunda 'maskülenlik' ile ilişkilendirilir. Yüzyılın başındaki lezbiyenler erkek olmak isteyen kadınlar olarak tanımlanırken yüzyılın sonunda özneleri tarafından kendi kimliklerine dair farklı teorilerini okuruz. İngiltere'de yazılmış ilk 'açık' lezbiyen roman olarak kabul edilen The Well of Loneliness (1928) adlı eserde döneminin seksologlarının teorilerine romanda pek çok yerde rastlarız. Başkahramanı Stephen Gordon maskülenliğini ancak erkek olmak istemekle ilişkilendirir. Gordon'un lezbiyenliği transseksüellik üzerinden değerlendirilse de bu tezde onun maskülenliği döneminde adlandırılmayan 'kadın maskülenliği' üzerinden incelenecektir. Tipping the Velvet (1998) ise alternatif bir Viktoryen dönem sunar; Waters, eşcinselliğin açıkça yaşandığı bir neo-Viktoryen topluluğu yaratır. Romanda queer teoriyi açıkça görürüz; başkahramanı Nancy Astley'in cinselliği döneminin ve günümüzde de kabul gören lezbiyen maskülenliğini yansıtır. Kadın maskülenliğini anlamlandırmak için erkek maskülenliğine ihtiyaç duyulmaz. Erkek kılığı ile görünür olduktan sonra cinsel kimliğini aramaya başlar. Cinsiyet rollerini 'giyer', 'çıkartır' ve en sonunda lezbiyen kimliği ve kadın maskülenliği arasındaki dengeyi bulur. Erkek olmasına ya da erkek gibi davranmasına gerek yoktur. Böylelikle, bu tezde kadın maskülenlik kavramı birbirinden çok farklı olan iki başkahraman üzerinden incelenecektir
It was at the beginning of the 20th century that female homosexuality began to be written openly by its subjects, namely lesbian women. Previously, encrypted or hidden behind close friendships, there is not-so-extensive female homosexual literature. Lesbianism becomes visible, and a historical mannish-lesbian image is created based on the theories of sexologists at the turn of the twentieth century. This perception, which exists as stereotypes such as 'lesbians are women who want to be men,' 'masculine women based on heterosexual relationships are perceived as men in lesbian relationships,' or 'women who are not liked by men are lesbians,' was written by male sexologists at the beginning of the 20th century. We come across the theories of the sexologists in The Well of Loneliness, which is accepted as the first 'out' lesbian novel written in England. The protagonist, Stephen Gordon, associates her masculinity with the desire to be a man. Considering the social conditions of the period, it is quite reasonable to want to be a man. Therefore, in this thesis, Gordon's masculinity will be analysed not through transsexuality, but through female masculinity. Tipping the Velvet offers an alternative Victorian era; Waters creates a neo-Victorian community where homosexuality is openly practiced. We clearly see queer theory in the novel; her gender does not stay the same, nor does the sexuality of the protagonist, Nancy Astley. She begins to search for her sexual identity after she becomes visible in men's clothing. She 'puts on' the roles and 'takes them off,' and in the end, she discovers the balance between her lesbian identity and her masculinity. She does not need to be a man or act like one. Thus, the concept of female masculinity will be analysed through two very different protagonists.
It was at the beginning of the 20th century that female homosexuality began to be written openly by its subjects, namely lesbian women. Previously, encrypted or hidden behind close friendships, there is not-so-extensive female homosexual literature. Lesbianism becomes visible, and a historical mannish-lesbian image is created based on the theories of sexologists at the turn of the twentieth century. This perception, which exists as stereotypes such as 'lesbians are women who want to be men,' 'masculine women based on heterosexual relationships are perceived as men in lesbian relationships,' or 'women who are not liked by men are lesbians,' was written by male sexologists at the beginning of the 20th century. We come across the theories of the sexologists in The Well of Loneliness, which is accepted as the first 'out' lesbian novel written in England. The protagonist, Stephen Gordon, associates her masculinity with the desire to be a man. Considering the social conditions of the period, it is quite reasonable to want to be a man. Therefore, in this thesis, Gordon's masculinity will be analysed not through transsexuality, but through female masculinity. Tipping the Velvet offers an alternative Victorian era; Waters creates a neo-Victorian community where homosexuality is openly practiced. We clearly see queer theory in the novel; her gender does not stay the same, nor does the sexuality of the protagonist, Nancy Astley. She begins to search for her sexual identity after she becomes visible in men's clothing. She 'puts on' the roles and 'takes them off,' and in the end, she discovers the balance between her lesbian identity and her masculinity. She does not need to be a man or act like one. Thus, the concept of female masculinity will be analysed through two very different protagonists.
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İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı, English Linguistics and Literature
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96