Tahvil, bono ve borsa kazançlarının vergilendirilmesi
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2008
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Bir ülkede sürdürülebilir bir büyümenin sağlanması ve ekonomik kalkınma sürecinin hızlandırılabilmesi için yeterli sermaye birikimi ve etkin bir sermaye piyasasının varlığı son derece önemlidir.Etkin bir sermaye piyasası, bireylerin ve kurumların birikimlerinin büyük yatırımlara dönüşmesinde oldukça önemli bir rol oynar. Bireysel ve kurumsal yatırımcılar açısından bakıldığında ise yatırım tercihlerini belirlemede iki önemli faktör bulunmaktadır. Bunlar risk ve getiridir. Özellikle küçük yatırımcılar, mümkün olduğunca riski düşük yatırım araçları içerisinde, en yüksek getiriyi sağlayanları tercih etmektedirler.Tasarrufların, sermaye piyasası aracılığıyla reel sektöre transfer edilebilmesi için risklerin asgariye indirildiği, getirinin de diğer yatırım araçlarına kıyasla daha yüksek olabildiği bir yatırım ortamının hazırlanması gerekmektedir.2001 yılında yaşanan ekonomik krizde, sermaye piyasası kurumlarının ve diğer finansal kuruluşların etkin bir şekilde denetlenme ihtiyacı açıkça görülmüştür. 2001 krizinin ardından, SPK ve BDDK gibi denetleyici ve düzenleyici kurumların etkin denetimleri, finansal kuruluşların daha sağlam bir mali yapıya kavuşmasını ve bunun neticesinde yatırımcıların bu kurumlara olan güvenini artırmıştır.Diğer taraftan, kayıtdışı ekonomi, küresel mali kriz ve benzeri nedenlerden dolayı sermaye piyasasındaki risklerin asgariye indirildiği de söylenemez.Bunun yanında, sermaye piyasasından fon temin etmede en çok bilinen araçlardan tahvil, bono ve hisse senetlerinin getirileri incelendiğinde, sınırlı bir hisse senedi piyasasında zaman zaman yüksek getirilerin elde edilmesi mümkünse de özel sektörün tahvil ve bono ihraçlarının hemen hemen yok denecek düzeyde olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun nedenlerinin arasında özellikle 1990 sonrasında kamu açıklarının Devlet İç Borçlanma Senetleri ihraç etmek suretiyle finanse edilmesinin ve devletin, kendi borçlanmasını daha düşük maliyetle ve daha kolay bir şekilde yapabilmesi için bu araçlardan elde edilen gelirlere çok önemli vergi avantajları sağladığı söylenebilir.Bu durum, vergilerin, bireylerin yatırım tercihlerini belirlemede oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.Sonuçta, özel sektör, fon temini için banka kredilerini ve uluslar arası piyasalardan döviz bazında borçlanmayı tercih etmekte ve bu borçlanma yoluyla büyük oranlarda faiz ve kur riskini üstlenmektedir. Özel sektörün bu tercihine karşın, Türkiye'de yerleşik olanlar ise birikimlerini çoğunlukla mevduat ve döviz tevdiat hesaplarında değerlendirmektedirler.Oysa kamu finansmanından ziyade özel sektörün daha kolay ve daha düşük maliyetle borçlanabildiği bir maliye politikasının uygulanması, ülke kalkınmasında daha olumlu sonuçlar doğuracaktır.Bu nedenle, tahvil, bono ve borsa kazançlarının vergilendirilmesinde, diğer yatırım araçlarından daha farklı (düşük oranlı) bir vergileme rejimi uygulanmalıdır. Ayrıca hisse senetlerinin vergilendirilmesinde, son yıllarda bazı Latin ülkelerinde uygulanmakta olan Otomatik İşlem Vergisi benzeri bir sisteme dönülmelidir. Böylelikle sözü edilen yatırım araçlarından vergi alınmaya devam edilirken, yatırım ve istihdamın artırılması da teşvik edilmiş olacaktır.
In order to provide sustainable development and speed up the economic development process in a country, sufficient capital accumulation and the existence of an efficient capital market is of vital importance.An efficient capital market plays a very important role in transforming the savings of individuals and institutions into big investments. Seen from the perspective of individual and institutional investors, there are two crucial factors that determine the investment preferences: Risk and profit. Especially small investors prefer the highest profit investments with the lowest possible risk.In order to transfer savings to the real sector through capital market; an investment environment, where risks are minimized and where the profit, compared to other investments, may be higher, should be prepared.During the 2001 financial crisis, the need to efficiently monitoring of capital market institutions and other financial bodies became clear. After that crisis, efficient audits of monitoring and regulating institutions like Capital Markets Board and Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency; helped financial institutions gain a stronger financial structure and as a result; inreased the confidence of public in these institutions.On the other hand, it is not possible to say; due to informal economy, global financial crisis and similar reasons, that the risks in the capital market are minimized.Stocks, and bonds the widely known capital market tools to ensure funds. Taking the profit of these into consideration; although it is possible to achieve high profit from time to time in a limited securities market; it is seen that the issueing of the bills and bonds by the private sector is barely visible. This situation can be said to stem from; the financing of public deficits through issueing Government Debt Securities especially after 1990; and from the tax advantages provided by the government to the profit ensured through these investments in order to have borrowings that are low in terms of cost and easy to acquire.Therefore, it can be inferred that taxes play an important part in determining the investment choices of individuals.The private sector prefers to have fundings through bank loans and borrowings in foreign currency terms, that acquired from international markets. In the case of these borrowings, the private sector undertakes a high rate of interest and currency risks. In contrast with this preference of the private sector, those established in Turkey choose deposit and foreign currency accounts.However, it is true that the implementation of a fiscal policy, whereby the private sector can more easily and cost-effectively borrow compared to the borrowings from public financing, would have more positive effects in the country?s development process.That is why the profit gained from bonds, bills and stock exchange should undergo a different tax regime (lower rate) when compared to other investments. Also, the taxation of shares requires a system similar to the Automated Payment Transaction Tax, which has been applied in some Latin countries for the last years. Therefore, taxation of the above mentioned investments continue while increase in investment and employment rates are encouraged.
In order to provide sustainable development and speed up the economic development process in a country, sufficient capital accumulation and the existence of an efficient capital market is of vital importance.An efficient capital market plays a very important role in transforming the savings of individuals and institutions into big investments. Seen from the perspective of individual and institutional investors, there are two crucial factors that determine the investment preferences: Risk and profit. Especially small investors prefer the highest profit investments with the lowest possible risk.In order to transfer savings to the real sector through capital market; an investment environment, where risks are minimized and where the profit, compared to other investments, may be higher, should be prepared.During the 2001 financial crisis, the need to efficiently monitoring of capital market institutions and other financial bodies became clear. After that crisis, efficient audits of monitoring and regulating institutions like Capital Markets Board and Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency; helped financial institutions gain a stronger financial structure and as a result; inreased the confidence of public in these institutions.On the other hand, it is not possible to say; due to informal economy, global financial crisis and similar reasons, that the risks in the capital market are minimized.Stocks, and bonds the widely known capital market tools to ensure funds. Taking the profit of these into consideration; although it is possible to achieve high profit from time to time in a limited securities market; it is seen that the issueing of the bills and bonds by the private sector is barely visible. This situation can be said to stem from; the financing of public deficits through issueing Government Debt Securities especially after 1990; and from the tax advantages provided by the government to the profit ensured through these investments in order to have borrowings that are low in terms of cost and easy to acquire.Therefore, it can be inferred that taxes play an important part in determining the investment choices of individuals.The private sector prefers to have fundings through bank loans and borrowings in foreign currency terms, that acquired from international markets. In the case of these borrowings, the private sector undertakes a high rate of interest and currency risks. In contrast with this preference of the private sector, those established in Turkey choose deposit and foreign currency accounts.However, it is true that the implementation of a fiscal policy, whereby the private sector can more easily and cost-effectively borrow compared to the borrowings from public financing, would have more positive effects in the country?s development process.That is why the profit gained from bonds, bills and stock exchange should undergo a different tax regime (lower rate) when compared to other investments. Also, the taxation of shares requires a system similar to the Automated Payment Transaction Tax, which has been applied in some Latin countries for the last years. Therefore, taxation of the above mentioned investments continue while increase in investment and employment rates are encouraged.
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Maliye, Finance
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