Uluslararası Tecrübeler Işığında Tamamlayıcı Bir Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemi Olarak Oyak Modeli
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2011
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Sanayi Devrimi sonrasında ortaya çıkan refah devletinin en temel vasıtalarından biri olan sosyal güvenlik sistemleri 1990'lı yıllara kadar altın çağını yaşamıştır. Bununla birlikte 1970'lerde baş gösteren ekonomik kriz ve bu krizin toplumsal yansıması, sosyal güvenlik hizmetlerini sunan devletlerin üzerinde bütçe yüküne neden olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, dünyada yaşanan demografik değişimler, kayıt dışı istihdam ve işsizlik gibi yapısal sorunlar, sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin gelir gider dengesini bozmuş ve devletin sosyal güvenlik transfer harcamalarını artırarak finansman krizi yaratmıştır.1980'lerden itibaren, dünyada ekonomik ve finansal krizlerin de etkisiyle yükselen neo-liberal politikalar ışığında bir dizi reform çalışması sürdürülmektedir. Bu bağlamda dünyadaki sosyal güvenlik sistemleri geleneksel tek ayaklı sosyal güvenlikten çok ayaklı sosyal güvenlik sistemlerine doğru dönüşmektedir. Bu boyuttan ele alındığında özel emeklilik fonları ve özel sektör girişimleri ön plana çıkmaktadır.Türkiye'de de 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren, makro-ekonomik sorunlar nedeniyle aktüeryal dengesi bozulan sosyal güvenlik sisteminin iyileştirilmesine yönelik uluslararası tecrübelerden yola çıkarak reform çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle devletin sunduğu sosyal güvenlik sisteminin iyileştirilmesine gidilmiş, bireysel emeklilik sisteminin kabul edilmesiyle birlikte sosyal güvenlik sistemde çok ayaklı bir yapıya doğru dönüşüm başlamıştır.Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de uzun vadeli sosyal sigorta kolu olan yaşlılık sigortasının krizine alternatif bir çözüm önerisi sunmaktadır. Sosyal sigorta tekniğinin sosyal güvenlik içindeki hacmi göz önüne alınarak, reform çalışmalarından söz edilirken, literatürde de yaygın olarak kullanıldığı gibi sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin reformu ifadesi kullanılmıştır. Dünyada ve Türkiye'de sosyal güvenlik krizine neden olan dinamikler ele alınarak, gerçekleştirilen ve tartışmaları devam etmekte olan reform örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Sosyal devletin vazgeçilmez sosyal güvenlik ilkeleri ve uluslararası tecrübeler ışığında tamamlayıcı sosyal güvenlik sistemi içinde OYAK Modeli ele alınmıştır. Çok ayaklı sistemler göz önüne alındığında, OYAK Modeli'nin, devletin sunduğu geleneksel tek ayaklı sistemi desteklemek üzere sosyal güvenlik sisteminin ikinci ayağında yer alan, tamamlayıcı nitelikte bir model olması yönünde değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
As one of the most important means of Welfare States after the Industrial Revolution, social security systems had lived its golden years until the 1990?s. On the other hand, the economic crisis that broke out during 1970?s and its societal reflections had caused a budget burden for states that offer social security services. Furthermore demographic changes and structural problems such as informal employment and unemployment, has changed income and expenditure balance of the social security systems and consequently created financial crisis by increasing the social security transfer expenses of the nations.Series of works on reforms have been continued after 1980?s; in the light of neo-liberal politics which rose by the effect of economic and financial crisis in the world. Thus, the social security systems in the world have been transformed from traditional one pillar system to a multipillar system. With respect to the context, private pension funds and private sector enterprising have become prominent.Since 1990s, in accordance with the international experiences, there have been several reform attempts in order to improve the social security system in Turkey whose actuarial balance was collapsed due to the macro-economic problems. As a result, public pillar offered by state has been given priority for improvement. Later, in accordance with the acknowledgement of individual pension system, a transition from one pillar to a multipillar structure has started.This thesis offers an alternative solution to the old age insurance crisis of Turkey. The phrase ?social security reform? has been used as it is frequently used in the literature when attempts in reforms mentioned while referring to social insurance capacity in social security. The reform practices and continuing debates are included considering the dynamics which cause the social security crisis in the world and in Turkey. OYAK was discussed as a secondary pillar model in the light of international experiences and social state?s indispensable social security principles. In this context, an evaluation of OYAK was made and the Model was offered as a supplementary occupational pension fund in the second pillar.
As one of the most important means of Welfare States after the Industrial Revolution, social security systems had lived its golden years until the 1990?s. On the other hand, the economic crisis that broke out during 1970?s and its societal reflections had caused a budget burden for states that offer social security services. Furthermore demographic changes and structural problems such as informal employment and unemployment, has changed income and expenditure balance of the social security systems and consequently created financial crisis by increasing the social security transfer expenses of the nations.Series of works on reforms have been continued after 1980?s; in the light of neo-liberal politics which rose by the effect of economic and financial crisis in the world. Thus, the social security systems in the world have been transformed from traditional one pillar system to a multipillar system. With respect to the context, private pension funds and private sector enterprising have become prominent.Since 1990s, in accordance with the international experiences, there have been several reform attempts in order to improve the social security system in Turkey whose actuarial balance was collapsed due to the macro-economic problems. As a result, public pillar offered by state has been given priority for improvement. Later, in accordance with the acknowledgement of individual pension system, a transition from one pillar to a multipillar structure has started.This thesis offers an alternative solution to the old age insurance crisis of Turkey. The phrase ?social security reform? has been used as it is frequently used in the literature when attempts in reforms mentioned while referring to social insurance capacity in social security. The reform practices and continuing debates are included considering the dynamics which cause the social security crisis in the world and in Turkey. OYAK was discussed as a secondary pillar model in the light of international experiences and social state?s indispensable social security principles. In this context, an evaluation of OYAK was made and the Model was offered as a supplementary occupational pension fund in the second pillar.
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İşletme, Bireysel emeklilik, Emeklilik sistemi, OYAK, Business Administration, Individual retirement, Sigorta, Pension system, OYAK, Sigorta sistemi, Insurance, Sosyal güvenlik, Insurance system, Social security, Sosyal güvenlik sistemleri, Social security systems
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216