İngiliz tiyatrosunda postdramatik eğilimler: Mark Ravenhill oyunları
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2014
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Kendine özgü sanat formları olan drama ve tiyatro biricik olma durumlarına bakılmaksızın sıkça birbirinin yerine kullanılan kavramlar arasındadır. Hiç şüphe yok ki bu durum her iki sanat dalının da anlamlı bir varoluşa sahip olabilmek için birbirlerine ihtiyaç duymalarından kaynaklanır. Diğer bir deyişle, oyun metinleri sahnelendikleri zaman daha değerli hale gelirken aynı şekilde metinsiz bir tiyatro düşünmek neredeyse imkânsızdır. Alman bilim adamı ve kuramcı Hans-Thies Lehmann, drama ve tiyatro arasındaki bu ilişkiyi bir bağlama oturtmak ve yeniden değerlendirmek amacıyla ses getiren çalışması Postdramatik Tiyatro adlı kitabında yeni bir yapılandırmaya gitmektedir. Lehmann kitabında 1960'lı yıllara kadar batı tiyatrosunun dramanın boyunduruğu altında kaldığını öne sürer. Bu durum da kaçınılmaz olarak dramatik metnin ve oyun yazarının en son ortaya çıkan üründe otoriter bir pozisyon edinmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Lehmann, bu kökleşmiş hiyerarşik düzeni bozmak için, 1960'lardan bu yana batı tiyatrosunun tiyatro metnine, oyun yazarına, oyunculara, kostümlere, dekora vb. eşit yaklaşan tiyatro ürünleri üretme çabası içinde olduğuna inanır. Lehmann, kitabının tarihsel avangartlardan 20. yüzyılın sonlarına kadarki dönemi ele aldığı kısmında oyun yazarlarının özellikle gerçekçi ve doğalcı tiyatronun estetik kurallarından nasıl uzaklaşıp postdramatik tiyatronun ortaya çıkmasını nasıl hızlandırdıklarını anlatmaktadır. Lehmann, İngiliz suratına tiyatro yazarlarının da sahnede olan olaylardan ve şok taktiklerden dolayı kendini adeta saldırıya uğramış gibi hisseden seyirciyi ele geçirme yöntemleriyle Alman asıllı postdramatik tiyatronun ortaya çıkmasında etkili olduklarını söyler. İngiliz oyun yazarı Mark Ravenhill bu tarz yazarlardan biridir. Oyunlarında aşırı boyutlarda kullandığı fiziksel ve sözel şiddetten dolayı Ravenhill suratına tiyatronun öncülerinden biri olarak görülmektedir ve oyunları sıkça bu sanatsal hareketin ışığı altında incelenmiştir. Bu tez Ravenhill'in oyunlarına sadece içerik açısından bakmaya engel olmak ve oyunlarda hem içeriğe hem de forma eşit yaklaşabilmek için Lehmann'ın postdramatik tiyatro teorisinin kullanmaktadır. Çalışma, Ravenhill'in oyunlarında suratına tiyatronun sınırlarını aşarak dramatik ve postdramatik tiyatronun özelliklerini sergilediğini iddia eder. Tez, analizini Ravenhill'in Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead ve Pool (No Water) isimli oyunları üzerinden yürütmektedir. Bu yaklaşım oyun yazarının yapıtlarına sadece metin açısından değil, seyirci/sahne, oyun yazarı/yönetmen ilişkilerinin yanı sıra oyunlarda kullanılan sözel ve fiziksel şiddet, olay örgüsü, reji vb. gibi kavramları düşünerek teatral açıdan bakmamızı da sağlamaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Dramatik tiyatro, postdramatik tiyatro, Hans-Thies Lehmann, suratına tiyatro, Mark Ravenhill, Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead, Pool (No Water).
Drama and theatre, which are distinctive forms of art, stand among those concepts which are often used interchangeably regardless of their uniqueness. There is no doubt that this interchangeable use is caused by the fact that both artistic forms have needed each other to have a meaningful existence. In other words, playtexts would have a more valuable existence when they are staged while it would be almost impossible to imagine a stage production without a text. In order to contextualize and reassess this relationship between drama and theatre, Professor Hans-Thies Lehmann, a German scholar and theoretician, has made a configuration in his ground-breaking study Postdramatic Theatre. In his book, Lehmann claims that theatre has been subordinated by drama particularly in western cultures until 1960s. This has naturally resulted in a domineering position of the dramatic text and the playwright in the final production. Lehmann is of the opinion that since 1960s western theatre has demonstrated an interest in creating theatrical productions which have an equal treatment of the playtext, playwright, director, performers, costumes, décor, etc in order to subvert the rooted hierarchal order. In his book, he makes a historical overview of theatrical productions covering the historical avant-gardes to the late 20th century with an attempt to show how playwrights have broken away with the traditional dramatic structure – particularly with the aesthetic norms fostered by realistic and naturalistic theatre and accelerated the emergence of postdramatic theatre. In this historical overview, he does not forget to mention that British in-yer-face dramatists are also among those who have affected the emergence of German-based postdramatic productions with their shock tactics to capture the audience who feel as if they are attacked by the events happening on the stage. The British playwright, Mark Ravenhill, is one of such dramatists. Due to his use of extreme forms of physical and verbal violence in his plays, he has been labelled as one of the pioneers of in-yer-face theatre and his plays have been explored in the light of this artistic movement. In order to avoid a solely content-based analysis of his plays and have an equal treatment of form and content, this dissertation explores Ravenhill's plays in the light of Lehmann's theory of the postdramatic theatre. The study puts forward that the plays of Ravenhill go beyond the confines of in-yer-face sensibility and exhibit a tension between dramatic and postdramatic theatre. The study bases its analysis on the three plays of Ravenhill: Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead and Pool (No Water). This approach enables us to analyse his plays not only for its text value but also with regards to the audience/stage, playwright/director relationship as well as from a theatrical angle taking verbal and physical violence, plot structure, stage directions, etc. into consideration. Key words: Dramatic theatre, postdramatic theatre, Hans-Thies Lehmann, in-yer-face theatre, Mark Ravenhill, Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead, Pool (No Water).
Drama and theatre, which are distinctive forms of art, stand among those concepts which are often used interchangeably regardless of their uniqueness. There is no doubt that this interchangeable use is caused by the fact that both artistic forms have needed each other to have a meaningful existence. In other words, playtexts would have a more valuable existence when they are staged while it would be almost impossible to imagine a stage production without a text. In order to contextualize and reassess this relationship between drama and theatre, Professor Hans-Thies Lehmann, a German scholar and theoretician, has made a configuration in his ground-breaking study Postdramatic Theatre. In his book, Lehmann claims that theatre has been subordinated by drama particularly in western cultures until 1960s. This has naturally resulted in a domineering position of the dramatic text and the playwright in the final production. Lehmann is of the opinion that since 1960s western theatre has demonstrated an interest in creating theatrical productions which have an equal treatment of the playtext, playwright, director, performers, costumes, décor, etc in order to subvert the rooted hierarchal order. In his book, he makes a historical overview of theatrical productions covering the historical avant-gardes to the late 20th century with an attempt to show how playwrights have broken away with the traditional dramatic structure – particularly with the aesthetic norms fostered by realistic and naturalistic theatre and accelerated the emergence of postdramatic theatre. In this historical overview, he does not forget to mention that British in-yer-face dramatists are also among those who have affected the emergence of German-based postdramatic productions with their shock tactics to capture the audience who feel as if they are attacked by the events happening on the stage. The British playwright, Mark Ravenhill, is one of such dramatists. Due to his use of extreme forms of physical and verbal violence in his plays, he has been labelled as one of the pioneers of in-yer-face theatre and his plays have been explored in the light of this artistic movement. In order to avoid a solely content-based analysis of his plays and have an equal treatment of form and content, this dissertation explores Ravenhill's plays in the light of Lehmann's theory of the postdramatic theatre. The study puts forward that the plays of Ravenhill go beyond the confines of in-yer-face sensibility and exhibit a tension between dramatic and postdramatic theatre. The study bases its analysis on the three plays of Ravenhill: Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead and Pool (No Water). This approach enables us to analyse his plays not only for its text value but also with regards to the audience/stage, playwright/director relationship as well as from a theatrical angle taking verbal and physical violence, plot structure, stage directions, etc. into consideration. Key words: Dramatic theatre, postdramatic theatre, Hans-Thies Lehmann, in-yer-face theatre, Mark Ravenhill, Shopping and Fucking, Faust is Dead, Pool (No Water).
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Sahne ve Görüntü Sanatları, Postdramatik tiyatro, Ravenhill, Mark, Performing and Visual Arts, Postdramatic theatre, Tiyatro, Ravenhill, Mark, Theatre, İngiliz tiyatrosu, British theater
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