Moleküler Modelleme Yaklaşımını Kullanarak Kanser Tümör Tedavisi için Piridil Tip Ligantları İçeren Platin ve Paladyum Komplekslerinin Tasarımı
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Date
2018
Authors
El-hag, Rabıa Hadı Mohamed
Kayı, Hakan
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Abstract
Geçen yüzyılın ortasında, bir cisplatin bileşiğinin keşfinden sonra, bu bileşik birkaç farklı kanser tipinin tedavisinde kullanılan en önemli kimyasal bileşiklerden biri haline gelmiştir. Ancak bu bileşiğin kanser hücrelerini öldürme ve yok etme yeteneğine rağmen, neden olduğu yan etkilere ek olarak birkaç kanser türünü tedavi edememekte, bu da bilim adamlarının daha etkili ve yan etkileri olmayan başka bileşikleri araştırmalarına yol açmaktadır. Keşfedilen ilaçların çoğunun, kanserlere karşı etkinliklerinin çok az olduğu gösterilmiştir. Elde ettiğimiz teknikler ve ilerlemelere ve kendini savaşmaya adamış sayısız doktor olmasına rağmen, kanser gerçek bir tehdit, çaresiz bir hastalıktır, ancak yine de umut vardır. Bilim adamları 50 yıl önce imkansız görünen tedavilerle ortaya çıktılar ve tedavi edilemez denen bazı kanserlerden kurtulmayı başardılar. Mükemmel sonuçlar elde etmek için tedavi araçlarını farklı şekillerde kullanmaya başladık. Kanser hala korkutucu olsa da ve her zaman öyle kalabilir olsa da, kansere karşı attığımız adımlar tedaviyi sadece mümkün kılmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda erişilebilir hale de getirmiştir. Önceki çalışmalardan, platin ve paladyum bileşiklerinin, uygun ligand, iyi geometri ve aktif çıkış grubu gibi birçok parametreyi hesaba katarsak, kanser hücrelerine karşı en etkili bileşikler olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Buradan, araştırmalarla alternatif kanser tedavisi bileşikleri olarak bazı platin ve paladyum bileşiklerini tasarlamaya ve geliştirmeye başlandı. Bu araştırmada, on altı platin ve paladyum bileşiği iki farklı tipte ligand ile tasarlandı. Yeni bileşikler, yoğunluk fonksiyonel teorisi, DFT, kullanılarak teorik olarak tasarlanmış ve test edilmiştir. FTIR, NMR ve UV-vis gibi bu komplekslerin spektroskopik özellikleri ve geometri optimizasyonları B3LYP/LANL2DZ teori seviyesinde ve Gaussian programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu bileşiklerin iki tip DNA ile etkileşim süreci daha sonra Docking programı kullanılarak simüle edilmiştir ve komplekslerimizin cisplatinden (kovalent, elektrostatik, oluk ve interkalasyon) farklı mekanizmalarla ve belkide cisplatinin yan etkilerinin üstesinden gelebileceğine yol açacak şekilde DNA ile etkileştiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bileşiklerin teorik sonuçları oldukça umut vericidir. Bu bileşiklerin bazıları canlı hücreler üzerinde deneysel olarak test edilmiş ve çeşitli kanser türlerine karşı etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Deneysel ve teorik sonuçlar arasında iyi derecede bir uyumluluk gözlenmiştir. Söz konusu yeni komplekslerin, bu kompleksler hakkında daha ileri çalışmalar için umut verici sonuçları vardır.
In the middle of the last century, after the discovery of a compound of cisplatin, this compound became one of the most important chemical compounds used in the treatment of several different types of cancer. But despite the ability of this compound to kill and destroy cancer cells, it is still unable to treat several types of cancer in addition to side effects caused by this compound, which led scientists to search for another compound is more effective and without side effects. Many of the drugs that have been discovered have shown little of their efficacy against cancer. Despite the techniques and progress we have achieved, and the countless number of doctors devoted to fight it, cancer remains a real threat, an incurable disease, but nevertheless, there is still hope. Scientists have come up with treatments that seemed impossible 50 years ago, and they managed to get rid of some cancers that were called incurable. We started using treatment tools in different ways to achieve great results. Although the cancer may still be terrifying and may always remain so the steps we have taken against it have made treatment not only possible, but within reach. Previous studies can conclude that platinum and palladium compounds are among the most effective compounds against cancer cells if we take in account many parameters such as suitable ligand, good geometry and active leaving group. From here, the research began to design and develop some platinum and palladium compounds as alternative cancer treatment compounds. In this research sixteen platinum and palladium compounds were designed with two different types of ligands. New compounds were designed and tested theoretically by using density functional theory, DFT. The geometry optimizations and spectroscopic properties of these complexes such as FTIR, NMR and UV-vis were calculated using the Gaussian program by using B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The process of interaction of these compounds with two types of DNA was then simulated using the Docking program which revealed that our complexes interacts with DNA through different mechanisms than that of cisplatin (covalent, electrostatic, groove and intercalation) which may lead to overcome the side effects of cisplatin. The theoretical results of the compounds are very encouraging. Some of these compounds have been experimentally tested on live cells and have proven effective against several types of cancer. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was observed. The new complexes in question have promising results for further future studies on these complexes.
In the middle of the last century, after the discovery of a compound of cisplatin, this compound became one of the most important chemical compounds used in the treatment of several different types of cancer. But despite the ability of this compound to kill and destroy cancer cells, it is still unable to treat several types of cancer in addition to side effects caused by this compound, which led scientists to search for another compound is more effective and without side effects. Many of the drugs that have been discovered have shown little of their efficacy against cancer. Despite the techniques and progress we have achieved, and the countless number of doctors devoted to fight it, cancer remains a real threat, an incurable disease, but nevertheless, there is still hope. Scientists have come up with treatments that seemed impossible 50 years ago, and they managed to get rid of some cancers that were called incurable. We started using treatment tools in different ways to achieve great results. Although the cancer may still be terrifying and may always remain so the steps we have taken against it have made treatment not only possible, but within reach. Previous studies can conclude that platinum and palladium compounds are among the most effective compounds against cancer cells if we take in account many parameters such as suitable ligand, good geometry and active leaving group. From here, the research began to design and develop some platinum and palladium compounds as alternative cancer treatment compounds. In this research sixteen platinum and palladium compounds were designed with two different types of ligands. New compounds were designed and tested theoretically by using density functional theory, DFT. The geometry optimizations and spectroscopic properties of these complexes such as FTIR, NMR and UV-vis were calculated using the Gaussian program by using B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The process of interaction of these compounds with two types of DNA was then simulated using the Docking program which revealed that our complexes interacts with DNA through different mechanisms than that of cisplatin (covalent, electrostatic, groove and intercalation) which may lead to overcome the side effects of cisplatin. The theoretical results of the compounds are very encouraging. Some of these compounds have been experimentally tested on live cells and have proven effective against several types of cancer. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was observed. The new complexes in question have promising results for further future studies on these complexes.
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Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
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