Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvurularda Kabul Edilebilirlik Kriteri Olarak Başvuru Yollarının Tüketilmesi
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2022
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Bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerinin en etkili şekilde korunması için belirli mekanizmalar oluşturulmaktadır. Bireysel başvuru mekanizması da bunlardan biridir. Bireysel başvuru mekanizması, Anayasa Mahkemesi'ne (AYM) hak ihlali iddiası ile yapılacak bir başvuru ile işletilmektedir. Başvurucu kamu gücü tarafından temel hak ve özgürlüklerinin ihlal edildiği iddiası ile ihlalin ortadan kaldırılması için olağan kanun yollarına başvurduğu halde söz konusu ihlal ortadan kalkmamış veya ihlalin neden olduğu zarar tazmin edilmemiş ise, AYM'ye bireysel başvuruda bulunulabilecektir. Ancak bireysel başvuruda bulunabilmek için belli birtakım kriterler vardır. Bu kriterlerden biri de 'başvuru yollarının tüketilmesi' kriteridir. Bu kritere göre; kamu gücü tarafından temel hak ve özgürlükleri ihlal edilen birey, ihlalin ortadan kaldırılması ve ortaya çıkan zararın tazmini için etkili ve erişebilir olan tüm başvuru yollarını tüketmek zorundadır. Aynı zamanda ihlali ortadan kaldırıcı ve zararı tazmin edici idari makamlar mevcutsa, söz konusu bu makamlara da başvuru yapılması ve bu yollarında tüketilmesi zorunludur. Başvuru yolları tüketilmeden yapılan bireysel başvurular, AYM tarafından kabul edilemez bulunacaktır. Başvuru yollarının tüketilmesi kriterinin temel amacı kamu gücü tarafından bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerin ihlal edildiği iddiasının öncelikle Devletin olağan mekanizmaları tarafından çözüme kavuşturulmasını sağlamaktır. Bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerinin korunması Devletin en temel görevidir. Bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerinin ihlal edilmesi ve bu ihlal nedeniyle ortaya çıkan zararları devletin mekanizmaları tarafından giderilemediği takdirde, AYM devreye girmektedir. Buradan çıkarılacak sonuç, bireysel başvurunun kanun yolu veya idari makamlara başvurudan farklı olarak olağan dışı bir yol olduğudur. Dolayısıyla bireysel başvuru mekanizması, bu haliyle ikincillik ilkesine dayanmaktadır. Bu tezin amacı AYM'ye bireysel başvuruda bulunabilmek için kabul edilebilirlik kriterlerinden olan başvuru yollarının tüketilmesi kriterinin anlamını, amacını, kapsamını, sınırlarını ve istisnalarını ortaya koymaktır.
Certain mechanisms are established for the most effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The individual application mechanism is that one of the protection way. The individual application mechanism is an application to the Constitutional Court with the claim of violation of rights. Applicants who claim that their fundamental rights and freedoms are violated by public authorities, and resorted to ordinary legal remedies to eliminate the violation yet the alleged violation is not eliminated or the damage caused by the alleged violation is not compensated, an individual application can be made to the Constitutional Court. However, there are certain criteria for an individual application. One of criteria of the individual application to Constitutional Court is that 'exhaustion of all domestic remedies'. According to the aforemnationed criteria, applicants have to exhaust all ways of ordinary legal jurisdiction, before maken an individual application. In addition, if there are administrative authorities that can eliminate the violation and compensate the damage, it is obligatory to apply to these authorities, also. Individual applications that are made before exhausting all ordinary remedies, will be inadmissible by the Constitutional Court. The aim of the criterion of exhaustion all remedies is to ensure the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals by ordinary legal remedies primarily. Protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals is the most essential duty of the State. If the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals are violated and the damages caused by this violation cannot be remedied by the mechanisms of the state, the Constitutional Court conducts its examination. As a result, the individual application is an extraordinary legal remedy that is different from ordinary legal remedy or applying to administrative authorities. Therefore, the individual application mechanism is based on the principle of subordination. The aim of this study is to assert the meaning, purpose, scope, limits and exceptions of the criterion of exhaustion, which is one of the admissibility criteria, in order to make an individual application to the Constitutional Court.
Certain mechanisms are established for the most effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The individual application mechanism is that one of the protection way. The individual application mechanism is an application to the Constitutional Court with the claim of violation of rights. Applicants who claim that their fundamental rights and freedoms are violated by public authorities, and resorted to ordinary legal remedies to eliminate the violation yet the alleged violation is not eliminated or the damage caused by the alleged violation is not compensated, an individual application can be made to the Constitutional Court. However, there are certain criteria for an individual application. One of criteria of the individual application to Constitutional Court is that 'exhaustion of all domestic remedies'. According to the aforemnationed criteria, applicants have to exhaust all ways of ordinary legal jurisdiction, before maken an individual application. In addition, if there are administrative authorities that can eliminate the violation and compensate the damage, it is obligatory to apply to these authorities, also. Individual applications that are made before exhausting all ordinary remedies, will be inadmissible by the Constitutional Court. The aim of the criterion of exhaustion all remedies is to ensure the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals by ordinary legal remedies primarily. Protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals is the most essential duty of the State. If the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals are violated and the damages caused by this violation cannot be remedied by the mechanisms of the state, the Constitutional Court conducts its examination. As a result, the individual application is an extraordinary legal remedy that is different from ordinary legal remedy or applying to administrative authorities. Therefore, the individual application mechanism is based on the principle of subordination. The aim of this study is to assert the meaning, purpose, scope, limits and exceptions of the criterion of exhaustion, which is one of the admissibility criteria, in order to make an individual application to the Constitutional Court.
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Hukuk, Law
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