Avrupa'da Azınlık Hakları: Almanya ve Fransa Örneği
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Date
2022
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Azınlıklar tarihin her döneminde yapılan fetihler, değişen sınırlar ve kurulan yeni devletler nedeniyle var olmuşlardır. Ulus-devlet anlayışının ortaya çıkışıyla azınlıklar doğrudan sorunlar haline gelmiştir. Özellikle 18. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Kıta Avrupası'na yayılan ulusçuluk fikirleri imparatorlukları parçalamış, ulus-devlet fikirleri etrafında kurulan yeni devletlerde azınlık halde kalan gruplar Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın çıkış sebeplerinden olmuşlardır. Milletler Cemiyeti'nin uyguladığı azınlık politikalarının İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nı çıkardığı düşünüldüğünden, savaştan sonra kurulan yeni düzenin başlarında azınlık hakları görmezden gelinmeye çalışılmıştır. Fakat 1945'ten itibaren azınlık temelli silahlı çatışmaların çıkması Birleşmiş Milletlerin bu konuda önlemler almaya başlamasına neden olmuştur. Soğuk Savaş'ın ardından Balkanlar'da patlak veren azınlık temelli savaşlar Batı Avrupalı devletlerin ve Avrupa'da kurulan uluslararası örgütlerin sorunun çözümü için derhal harekete geçmelerine neden olmuştur. Avrupa merkezli geliştirilen azınlık hakları düzenlemeleri bölgedeki uluslararası örgütler vasıtasıyla insan haklarının bir parçası olarak kabul edilerek özellikle tüm Avrupalı devletlere benimsetilmek istenen bir değere dönüşmüştür. Dolayısıyla çalışmamızın temel amacı, Almanya ve Fransa'nın uluslararası azınlık sözleşmelerine katılımını inceleyerek, bu ülkelerde yaşayan azınlıklar ve bu azınlıklara sağlanan hakları araştırmaktır.
Minorities have existed in every period of history due to conquests, changed borders and new states established. With the emergence of the nation-state idea, minorities have become direct problems. Especially since the end of the 18th century, the ideas of nationalism which disseminated to Continental Europe broke up the empires, and the groups that remained in the minority in the new states established around the ideas of the nation-state became the causes of the First and Second World Wars. Since the minority policies implemented by the League of Nations were thought to have caused the Second World War, minority rights were tried to be ignored at the beginning of the new order established after the war. However, since 1945, the emergence of minority-based armed conflicts has caused the United Nations to take measures in this regard. Due to Minority-based wars that broke out in the Balkans after the Cold War has triggered Western European states and international organizations which established in Europe to take immediate action to solve the problem. Minority rights regulations which developed based in Europe, were accepted as a part of human rights through international organizations in the region and it turned into a value that was especially desired to be imposed on all European states. Therefore, the main purpose of our study is to examine the participation of Germany and France to the international minority treaties, and to investigate the minorities who lives in these countries and the which rights have granted to these minorities.
Minorities have existed in every period of history due to conquests, changed borders and new states established. With the emergence of the nation-state idea, minorities have become direct problems. Especially since the end of the 18th century, the ideas of nationalism which disseminated to Continental Europe broke up the empires, and the groups that remained in the minority in the new states established around the ideas of the nation-state became the causes of the First and Second World Wars. Since the minority policies implemented by the League of Nations were thought to have caused the Second World War, minority rights were tried to be ignored at the beginning of the new order established after the war. However, since 1945, the emergence of minority-based armed conflicts has caused the United Nations to take measures in this regard. Due to Minority-based wars that broke out in the Balkans after the Cold War has triggered Western European states and international organizations which established in Europe to take immediate action to solve the problem. Minority rights regulations which developed based in Europe, were accepted as a part of human rights through international organizations in the region and it turned into a value that was especially desired to be imposed on all European states. Therefore, the main purpose of our study is to examine the participation of Germany and France to the international minority treaties, and to investigate the minorities who lives in these countries and the which rights have granted to these minorities.
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Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
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