Vergi hukuku açısından 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesi
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Date
2021
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Abstract
Kişilerin aynı olay ve aynı fiil sebebiyle iki veya daha fazla yargı kolunda yargılanması ve ceza alması 'bir suça iki ceza' olarak tanımlanabilir. 'Bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesinin uygulanabilmesi için kişi ve eylemin aynı olması gerekmektedir (Ünver ve Hakeri, 2019: 1784). Ülkemiz kanunlarında açıkça ilke adı yer almamasına rağmen çoğu kanunumuzun 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesi ile uyumlu olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak Vergi Usul Kanunu (VUK) 'kaçakçılık' suçları için hem idari yaptırım hem de adli ceza verilmesi gerektiğine hükmetmektedir. Tezin ilk bölümünde 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesi, suç ve kabahat kavramlarının evrensel tanımları, VUK'ta suçlar için hükmolunan cezalar ve kabahatlar için öngörülen yaptırımlar incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesinin tarihî gelişimine kısaca değinilmiş, daha sonra Türkiye'de yürürlükte olan kanunlarda yer alan hükümler göz önünde bulundurularak 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesi incelenmiştir. Özellikle vergi ceza hukuku bakımından değişik doktrin ve yargı görüşleri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmış, bazı ülkelerde 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesine dair uygulamalar ve 'Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi' (AİHM) dava ve kararları incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesinin ülkemiz ve bazı ülkeler tarafından uygulanması değerlendirilmiştir. Aynı zamanda konuya eleştirel bir bakış açısı getirilerek yasalar ve uygulamalardaki çelişkiler ve yargılama usulleri açısından 'bir suça iki ceza olmaz' ilkesinin uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir.
The principle of 'non bis in idem' calls for prevention of a person from being tried and punished in two or more judicial branches for the same event or act. This principle can be applied only if the person and the act are the same (Ünver and Hakeri, 2019: 1784). Although this principle is not explicitly mentioned in the laws of our country, most of our laws seem to be compatible with it. However, the Tax Procedure Law (TPL) stipulates that both administrative sanctions and judicial penalties should be imposed for 'smuggling' crimes. In the first chapter of the thesis, the principle of 'non bis in idem,' universally accepted definitions of crime and misdemeanor, as well as the penalties for crimes and sanctions for misdemeanors stipulated in the TPL were examined. In the second chapter, the historical development of the principle of 'non bis in idem' was briefly discussed before it was examined with regard to the provisions of the laws in force in Turkey. Various doctrines and judicial views were discussed in detail particularly in terms of the tax criminal law, and practices related to the principle of 'non bis in idem' in some countries as well as the related cases and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights were examined. In the third chapter, the application of the principle of 'non bis in idem' in our country and in some other countries was evaluated. At the same time, the applicability of the principle was evaluated in terms of the contradictions in laws and practices, as well as the judicial procedures by adopting a critical perspective on the subject.
The principle of 'non bis in idem' calls for prevention of a person from being tried and punished in two or more judicial branches for the same event or act. This principle can be applied only if the person and the act are the same (Ünver and Hakeri, 2019: 1784). Although this principle is not explicitly mentioned in the laws of our country, most of our laws seem to be compatible with it. However, the Tax Procedure Law (TPL) stipulates that both administrative sanctions and judicial penalties should be imposed for 'smuggling' crimes. In the first chapter of the thesis, the principle of 'non bis in idem,' universally accepted definitions of crime and misdemeanor, as well as the penalties for crimes and sanctions for misdemeanors stipulated in the TPL were examined. In the second chapter, the historical development of the principle of 'non bis in idem' was briefly discussed before it was examined with regard to the provisions of the laws in force in Turkey. Various doctrines and judicial views were discussed in detail particularly in terms of the tax criminal law, and practices related to the principle of 'non bis in idem' in some countries as well as the related cases and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights were examined. In the third chapter, the application of the principle of 'non bis in idem' in our country and in some other countries was evaluated. At the same time, the applicability of the principle was evaluated in terms of the contradictions in laws and practices, as well as the judicial procedures by adopting a critical perspective on the subject.
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Maliye, Bir suça iki ceza olmaz, Türk Vergi Kanunu, Vergi Usul Kanunu, Finance, Non bis in idem, Vergi hukuku, Turkish Tax Code, Tax Procedural Code, Vergi kabahatleri, Tax law, Vergi suçları, Tax misdemeanors, Tax offences, Vergiler, Taxes
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102