Viktorya Dönemi Şiirinde ve Modernist Şiirde Temsil Edilen, Kadınların Ataerkilliğe Karşı Bitmeyen Mücadelesi
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2024
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Yüzyıllar boyunca kadınlar erkek egemen bir dünyada hayatta kalmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu mücadelelerini dile getirmek ve kadınların basmakalıp tasvirini yıkmak için, edebiyatın en eski biçimi olan şiir genel olarak kadın yazını; kadın dünyasını, kadın ve erkek kültürünü anlatan kadın karaktere kamusal bir ses vererek kadınların arzularını, özlemlerini ve ataerkilliğe karşı isyanlarını ifade etmekte bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu, Elaine Showalter'ın Kültürel Kadın Eleştirisi Modeli'ndeki yaklaşımına karşılık gelmektedir. Showalter, kadın yazınının işçi, hizmetçi, yazar, ev kadını ve hatta prenses de dahil tüm kadınların ataerkil sisteme karşı çıkışlarının ve eşitlik mücadelelerini dile getirmelerinin bir aracı olduğunu savunur. Eşitlik arayışlarının kadın yazınına nasıl yansıdığını araştıran bu çalışma, kadın yazınının bir 'alt metin' içerdiğini savunur. Çalışma, şiirleri analiz etme aşamasında Showalter'ın teorisine uygun olarak 'alt metin' ve 'vahşi bölge' gibi terimleri kullanmaktadır. Böylece şiirler, kadın kültürü ve kadın yazını arasında bağlantı kurularak analiz edilmekte ve şiirlerde 'alt metnin' nasıl gömülü olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, tezin ana teması, kadınlar arasında birleştirici işlevi olan kadın kültürünün ve mücadelesinin tasvir edilmesi, kadın şiirinin on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan yirminci yüzyılın ilk on yılına kadar olan tarihsel gelişiminin temsil türleri ve kullandığı şiirsel teknikler açısından incelenmesidir. Çalışma, kadın kültürünün genel kültürün ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğunu ve toplumsal cinsiyet normlarına meydan okumada önemli bir rol oynadığını, bunun Viktorya dönemi kadın şiirinde keşfedildiğini ve Modernist şiirde toplumsal cinsiyet kavramının genişletilmesi ve modernist tekniklerin kullanılması yoluyla vurgulandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Böylelikle, çalışma on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan yirminci yüzyılın başlarına kadar geçen süre içerisinde kadın şiirinin içerik ve biçim açısından gelişimini göstermiş ve Viktorya dönemi gelenekselciliğinden modernist yaklaşıma geçişin izini sürmüştür. Çalışma ayrıca kadın şairlerin geleneksel cinsiyet normlarını ihlal ettiklerini, kadınlar için biçilen itaatkâr rollere karşı çıktıklarını ve kamusal ve ev içi alanlarda yeni roller ortaya koyduklarını göstermiştir. Böylelikle kadın şairler, kadın geleneğinin ortaya çıkışında kadın yazınının önemine dikkat çekmiş ve şiirin erkeklikle olan güçlü ilişkisini sorgulamışlardır.
For centuries, women have tried to survive in a male-dominated world. In order to portray their struggle and subvert the stereotypical portrayal of women, women's writing in general and poetry in particular, as the oldest form of literature, has been used as a medium to express women's desires, aspirations and rebellions against patriarchy by giving a public voice to the female character who narrates her world, women's culture and men's culture. This corresponds to Elaine Showalter's Theory of Cultural Model of Gynocriticism. Showalter argues that women's writing serves as a means of articulating the struggle for equality in the face of patriarchy, including women such as workers, housemaids, writers, housewives and even princesses. It explores how their quest for equality is reflected in women's writing and argues that it contains an underlying 'subtext'.' The study includes terms such as 'subtext' and 'the wild zone,' in line with Showalter's theory, to analyse the poems in the dissertation. Thus, the poems are analysed by making a connection between women's culture and women's writing, highlighting how the 'subtext' is embedded in the women's poems examined in the dissertation. Accordingly, the main themes of this dissertation are the representation of women's culture, which has a unifying function among women, and defining the historical development of women's poetry from the nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century in terms of its portrayal of women's struggle, the types of representations and poetic techniques it uses, and its contribution to the field of women's writing. The study finds that women's culture is an inseparable part of general culture and plays an important role in challenging gender norms, which was explored in Victorian women's poetry and emphasised in Modernist poetry through the expansion of the concept of gender and the use of modernist techniques. In this way, the study illustrates the development of women's poetry in terms of content and form from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, during which the transition from Victorian conventionalism to the modernist approach can be traced. The study also displays that women poets violated traditional gender norms, challenged the submissive roles tailored for women and introduced new roles in the public and domestic spheres. In this way, women poets drew attention to the prominence of women's writing in the emergence of the female tradition and questioned the strong association of poetry with masculinity as a dominant enterprise.
For centuries, women have tried to survive in a male-dominated world. In order to portray their struggle and subvert the stereotypical portrayal of women, women's writing in general and poetry in particular, as the oldest form of literature, has been used as a medium to express women's desires, aspirations and rebellions against patriarchy by giving a public voice to the female character who narrates her world, women's culture and men's culture. This corresponds to Elaine Showalter's Theory of Cultural Model of Gynocriticism. Showalter argues that women's writing serves as a means of articulating the struggle for equality in the face of patriarchy, including women such as workers, housemaids, writers, housewives and even princesses. It explores how their quest for equality is reflected in women's writing and argues that it contains an underlying 'subtext'.' The study includes terms such as 'subtext' and 'the wild zone,' in line with Showalter's theory, to analyse the poems in the dissertation. Thus, the poems are analysed by making a connection between women's culture and women's writing, highlighting how the 'subtext' is embedded in the women's poems examined in the dissertation. Accordingly, the main themes of this dissertation are the representation of women's culture, which has a unifying function among women, and defining the historical development of women's poetry from the nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century in terms of its portrayal of women's struggle, the types of representations and poetic techniques it uses, and its contribution to the field of women's writing. The study finds that women's culture is an inseparable part of general culture and plays an important role in challenging gender norms, which was explored in Victorian women's poetry and emphasised in Modernist poetry through the expansion of the concept of gender and the use of modernist techniques. In this way, the study illustrates the development of women's poetry in terms of content and form from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, during which the transition from Victorian conventionalism to the modernist approach can be traced. The study also displays that women poets violated traditional gender norms, challenged the submissive roles tailored for women and introduced new roles in the public and domestic spheres. In this way, women poets drew attention to the prominence of women's writing in the emergence of the female tradition and questioned the strong association of poetry with masculinity as a dominant enterprise.
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İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı, English Language and Literature
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199