Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Şiddetin Önlenmesinde İnsan Hakları Hukukunun İşlevi: İstanbul Sözleşmesi Örneği
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Date
2023
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Open Access Color
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Abstract
İnsan haklarına ve devletin insan haklarından sorumluluğuna ilişkin klasik yaklaşımlar yakın zamana kadar, kadının insan haklarının öznesi olduğu ve kadına yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet temelli şiddet ve ev-içi şiddetin insan hakları ihlali olduğunun kabulüne engel olmuştur. Kamusal alan-özel alan ikiliği (dichotomy of private and public area) anlayışında, şekli (de jure) eşitlik anlayışında, insan onurunun insana özgü soyut bir özellik olduğu anlayışında, insan haklarının ancak kamusal alanda devlet ve ajanları tarafından ihlal edilebildiği anlayışında ve devletin özel kişilerce veya özel alanda işlenen insan hakları ihlallerinden sorumlu tutulamayacağı anlayışında ortaya çıkan dönüşümün sonucunda, KYTCTŞ ve ev-içi şiddet, uluslararası belgelerde bir ayrımcılık biçimi ve insan hakları ihlali olarak kabul edilmiştir. Kadının insan hakları lehine gerçekleşen bu dönüşümde kadının insan hakları mücadeleleri ve feminist eleştirilerin katkısı çok önemlidir. Geliştirilen özen yükümlülüğü (due diligence) anlayışı, Devletin KYTCTŞ ve ev-içi şiddet eylemlerinde ihlalin ortaya çıkmasını ya da devamını önlemek ya da sonuçlarını ortadan kaldırmak için makul ve duruma uygun önlemleri almamasından dolayı sorumlu tutulmasını gerektirir. İstanbul Sözleşmesi KYTCTŞ ve ev-içi şiddetle mücadelede kendinden önceki insan hakları belgelerinin hepsinden daha bütüncül ve kapsamlı bir yaklaşıma sahiptir. İkinci bölümde bu yaklaşıma ilişkin Sözleşme metninden tespit ettiğimiz ölçütlere ardında da Sözleşme'nin izleme organı GREVIO'nun oluşumu ve izleme faaliyetlerine ilişkin bilgilere yer verilecektir. Son olarak da İstanbul Sözleşmesi'nin uluslararası ve ulusal düzeyde olumlu etkileri ele alınacaktır. AİHM'in, AİHS'nin 2, 3, 8 ve 14. maddeleri kapsamında devletlerin pozitif yükümlülüklerini yerine getirip getirmediğini yorumlarken ilgili uluslararası hukuk kuralları olarak İstanbul Sözleşmesi hükümlerine atıf yaptığı KYTCTŞ ve ev-içi şiddet vakalarına ilişkin onlarca kararı mevcuttur. Çalışmamızda AİHM'nin bu kararlarına ve İstanbul Sözleşmesi'ni imzalaması ya da onaylamasını takiben taraf devletlerin KYTCTŞ ve ev-içi şiddetle mücadeleye ilişkin iç hukuk, politika ve uygulamalarında meydana gelen olumlu değişikliklere örnekler verilerek bu etkiler somutlaştırılacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Toplumsal cinsiyet, kadına yönelik şiddet, ev-içi şiddet, İstanbul Sözleşmesi, GREVIO
Classical approaches to human rights and the state's responsibility for human rights have, until recently, prevented the recognition that women are subjects of human rights and that gender-based violence against women and domestic violence are human rights violations. As a consequence of the transformation in the understanding of the dichotomy of private and public area, in the understanding of de jure equality, in the understanding that human dignity is an intangible feature unique to human beings, in the understanding that human rights can only be violated in the public sphere by the state and its agents, in the understanding that State cannot be held responsible for human rights violations committed by private individuals or in the private sphere, GBVAW and domestic violence were recognized as a form of discrimination and a violation of human rights in international documents. The contribution of women's human rights struggles, and feminist criticism is significant in this transformation in favor of women's human rights. The developed understanding of due diligence requires that the State be held responsible for failing to take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence or continuation of the violation or to reverse its consequences in GBVAW and domestic violence acts. The Istanbul Convention has a more holistic and comprehensive approach to combat GBVAW and domestic violence than any previous human rights document. In the second part, the criteria we derived from the text of the Convention regarding this approach will be covered, followed by information on the establishment and monitoring activities of GREVIO, the monitoring body of the Convention. Finally, the positive effects of the Istanbul Convention at the international and national level will be discussed. There are dozens of decisions of the ECtHR regarding GBVAW and domestic violence cases, which refers to the provisions of the Istanbul Convention as relevant international law rules when interpreting whether states fulfill their positive obligations under Articles 2, 3, 8, and 14 of the ECHR. In our study, these effects will be embodied by giving examples of these decisions of the ECtHR and the positive changes that have occurred in the domestic law, policies, and practices of the party states regarding the fight against GBVAW and domestic violence following the signing or ratification of the Istanbul Convention. Keywords: Gender, violence against women, domestic violence, Istanbul Convention, GREVIO
Classical approaches to human rights and the state's responsibility for human rights have, until recently, prevented the recognition that women are subjects of human rights and that gender-based violence against women and domestic violence are human rights violations. As a consequence of the transformation in the understanding of the dichotomy of private and public area, in the understanding of de jure equality, in the understanding that human dignity is an intangible feature unique to human beings, in the understanding that human rights can only be violated in the public sphere by the state and its agents, in the understanding that State cannot be held responsible for human rights violations committed by private individuals or in the private sphere, GBVAW and domestic violence were recognized as a form of discrimination and a violation of human rights in international documents. The contribution of women's human rights struggles, and feminist criticism is significant in this transformation in favor of women's human rights. The developed understanding of due diligence requires that the State be held responsible for failing to take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence or continuation of the violation or to reverse its consequences in GBVAW and domestic violence acts. The Istanbul Convention has a more holistic and comprehensive approach to combat GBVAW and domestic violence than any previous human rights document. In the second part, the criteria we derived from the text of the Convention regarding this approach will be covered, followed by information on the establishment and monitoring activities of GREVIO, the monitoring body of the Convention. Finally, the positive effects of the Istanbul Convention at the international and national level will be discussed. There are dozens of decisions of the ECtHR regarding GBVAW and domestic violence cases, which refers to the provisions of the Istanbul Convention as relevant international law rules when interpreting whether states fulfill their positive obligations under Articles 2, 3, 8, and 14 of the ECHR. In our study, these effects will be embodied by giving examples of these decisions of the ECtHR and the positive changes that have occurred in the domestic law, policies, and practices of the party states regarding the fight against GBVAW and domestic violence following the signing or ratification of the Istanbul Convention. Keywords: Gender, violence against women, domestic violence, Istanbul Convention, GREVIO
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Keywords
Hukuk, Aile içi şiddet, Law, Kadına Yönelik Şiddet ve Aile-İçi Şiddetin Önlenmesi ve Bunlarla Mücadeleye Dair Avrupa Konseyi Sözleşmesi, Domestic violence, Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, İstanbul Sözleşmesi, Istanbul Convention
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236