Bosson, Jennifer K.Jurek, PawelVandello, Joseph A.Kosakowska-Berezecka, NataszaOlech, MichalBesta, TomaszZukauskiene, Rita2024-07-052024-07-052021380022-02211552-542210.1177/00220221219979972-s2.0-85102196306https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022121997997https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/2078Chen, Qing-Wei/0000-0002-5458-0210; Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza/0000-0003-3503-3921; Graf, Sylvie/0000-0002-7810-5457; Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza/0000-0003-3503-3921; Grigoryan, Ani/0000-0001-5453-2879; Moynihan, Andrew/0000-0003-3979-9262; Moreno-Bella, Eva/0000-0002-1299-3148; Palacio-Sañudo, Jorge Enrique/0000-0001-6971-7067; Moscatelli, Silvia/0000-0002-0666-2211; Kurosawa, Tai/0000-0002-2028-6793; Dhakal, Sandesh/0000-0001-9702-9771; Türkoğlu, Beril/0000-0002-4752-5723; de Lemus, Soledad/0000-0002-6191-9446; Nyúl, Boglárka/0000-0001-6620-9630; García-Sánchez, Efraín/0000-0002-8097-5822; Guizzo, Francesca/0000-0002-0754-3337; Ungaretti, Joaquín/0000-0003-1185-9139; Sainz, Mario/0000-0002-2048-5872; Froehlich, Laura/0000-0001-8610-2750; Torres, Ana/0000-0002-8919-0378; Kelmendi, Kaltrina/0000-0002-6619-1415; Krivoshchekov, Vladislav/0000-0003-1213-0884; Dhakal, Sandesh/0000-0001-9702-9771; Gavreliuc, Alin/0000-0001-8411-0327; Dvoryanchikov, Nikolay/0000-0003-1462-5469; Walentynowicz, Marta/0000-0002-7049-7943; Etchezahar, Edgardo Daniel/0000-0002-3289-194X; Jurek, Pawel/0000-0002-9958-3941; Karabati, Serdar/0000-0002-4668-5274; Salvati, Marco/0000-0002-1350-8730; Karabati, Serdar/0000-0002-4668-5274; Mari, Silvia/0000-0001-6543-5249; Piterova, Ivana/0000-0001-8966-9277; Malik, Sadia/0000-0002-5110-5924; Porto, Juliana/0000-0001-9164-2719; Hoorens, Vera/0000-0002-4855-9861; Gómez, Ángel/0000-0002-4287-4916; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis G/0000-0002-6465-6725; Mancini, Tiziana/0000-0001-7173-6478; Kozlowski, Desirée/0000-0003-3919-2428; Asharf, Mujeeba/0000-0001-8538-0978; Lawal, Abiodun/0000-0003-4248-6005; Noels, Kimberly A./0000-0002-9881-4242; Salvati, Marco/0000-0002-1350-8730; Wlodarczyk, Anna/0000-0003-2106-5324; Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju/0000-0002-6514-5257; Muller, Dominique/0000-0001-9544-5317; Bi, Chongzeng/0000-0003-1871-2914; Bender, Michael/0000-0003-0300-5555; Mayer, Claude-Helene/0000-0002-9445-7591; Venäläinen, Satu/0000-0003-3298-1336; Samekin, Adil/0000-0001-9684-1944; Lindner, Jana/0000-0003-4777-9157; Sullivan, Katie/0000-0002-9489-6316; Chi, Peilian/0000-0002-1839-1113; Agyemang, Collins Badu/0000-0003-0490-9193; Zukauskiene, Rita/0000-0002-0884-7578; Simao, Claudia/0000-0002-7723-752X; Kinahan, Mary/0000-0003-0182-3140; Hutchings, Paul/0000-0003-1480-6454; Hale, Miriam-Linnea/0000-0002-7347-3445; Berxulli, Dashamir/0000-0003-2994-1499; Milosevic Dordevic, Jasna/0000-0001-9898-894X; Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga/0000-0002-6419-5324; PACILLI, Maria Giuseppina/0000-0001-6875-6961; Bosson, Jennifer/0000-0003-2566-1078; Kulich, Clara/0000-0002-9483-2128; Boehnke, Mandy/0000-0002-7138-2152; Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan/0000-0003-3412-4311; Lauri, Mary Anne/0000-0001-5219-8010; Bongiorno, Renata/0000-0003-4194-8087; Cubela Adoric, Vera/0000-0003-4752-4541; Greijdanus, Hedy/0000-0002-6587-2999; Mankowski, Eric/0000-0002-1640-8102; Mihic, Vladimir/0000-0002-4471-9071; Becker, Maja/0000-0003-1187-1699; RENTERIA, ERICO/0000-0002-0538-925X; Bakaityte, Aiste/0000-0001-7937-933X; Abuhamdeh, Sami/0000-0003-4809-6921; Kirby, Teri/0000-0002-8361-7027; Ghazzawi, Rawan/0000-0002-9947-0314; Vauclair, Christin-Melanie/0000-0002-4940-1185; Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna/0000-0002-9112-8629Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB's distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesspsychometric isomorphismprecarious manhood beliefsambivalent sexismambivalence toward menArticleQ2523231258WOS:000626198900001