Aminbakhsh, SamanAzad, Saeid KazemzadehAminbakhsh, SamanAzad, Saeıd KazemzadehShaban, Samer S. S.Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering2024-07-052024-07-05202192352-012410.1016/j.istruc.2021.07.0682-s2.0-85112723739https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.07.068https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/2032Kazemzadeh Azad, Saeid/0000-0001-9309-607X; Aminbakhsh, Saman/0000-0002-4389-1910There has been a growing interest in the use of free-form structures with irregularly curved yet aesthetically pleasing configurations in the recent decades. Although design optimization of regular steel grids has been well addressed in the literature of structural optimization, still limited work has been devoted to optimum design of real-size free-form grid structures. On the one hand, a main obstacle when dealing with real-size free-form steel grids is the excessive computational effort associated with contemporary evolutionary optimization algorithms. On the other hand, it is generally perceived that the obtained final designs using conventional optimization algorithms may not necessarily be favored in practice if certain provisions are not stipulated by the algorithm to preclude an abundance of distinct steel section sizes in the final design. Hence, instead of offering a single optimum or near optimum design, it would be more desirable to provide the designer or decision maker with a Pareto front set of non-dominated design alternatives taking into account both the minimum weight as well as the assortment of available steel section sizes in the final design. Accordingly, in this paper, a computationally efficient multi-stage guided stochastic search algorithm is proposed for optimization and standardization of realsize free-form steel double-layer grids. A gradual design-oriented section elimination approach is followed where in the first optimization stage, a complete set of commercially available steel sections is introduced to the algorithm and in the succeeding stages, the size of section list is reduced by eliminating the redundant sizes. Two variants of the algorithm are employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed technique in challenging test examples of free-form steel double-layer grids, and the obtained Pareto fronts are plotted to illustrate the trade-off between minimum weight and assortment of steel section sizes in the final design.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDesign optimizationFree-form structuresStandardizationMulti-stage guided stochastic searchSteel double-layer gridsPareto frontArticleQ234678699WOS:000701775800005