Gonul, Ibrahim OmerOmay, Tolga2025-12-052025-12-0520252214-84502214-846910.1016/j.bir.2025.10.0012-s2.0-105021920061https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2025.10.001https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/10980This study develops a comprehensive econometric framework for assessing market efficiency in sustainability indices through rolling fractional integration analysis. We employ four fractional integration estimators (Andrews-Guggenberger, Robinson GSE, GPH, and FELW) with formal statistical testing, addressing critical methodological gaps including single estimator dependency and static analysis approaches. Applied to 17 sustainability indices across 13 countries, our results reveal significant heterogeneity in market efficiency evolution. Developed markets exhibit timevarying efficiency patterns with periodic inefficiencies driven by institutional rebalancing dynamics, while emerging markets demonstrate superior efficiency characteristics. The BIST Sustainability Index exhibits exceptional efficiency, while the SP 500 ESG Screened Index shows the highest inefficiency levels among developed markets. The convergent validity between fractional integration and traditional unit root tests provides robust methodological validation. Our findings establish unprecedented robustness in sustainability market efficiency research while providing policy implications for financial regulators and investment managers.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessSustainability IndicesFractional IntegrationMarket EfficiencyRolling Window AnalysisStructural BreaksMultiple EstimatorsArticle