Tekkaya, Ahmet EemanTekkaya, AEManufacturing Engineering2024-10-062024-10-062005272193-567X2191-4281[WOS-DOI-BELIRLENECEK-602]https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/8746Tekkaya, A. Erman/0000-0002-5197-2948Numerical analysis of metal forming processes is an everyday practice in industry. Forming loads, material flow, forming defects such as underfills, laps, and even cracks, stresses in dies and punches, as well as product properties like new hardness distribution, dimensional accuracies, and residual stresses are predicted by numerical analysis and used for technology generation. Most of the numerical analysis is done by the finite element method made available for engineers and technicians by numerous powerful commercial software packages. These software packages act as black-boxes and usually hide the complicated numerical procedures and even their crucial parameters from the applier. Therefore, the question arises during industrial applications: how accurate is the simulation, and how can the results be assessed? The aim of this paper is to provide a guideline to assess the results of metal forming simulations. Although some ideas are valid for any metal forming process, bulk forming is the primary concern. The paper will address firstly the possible sources of error in a finite element analysis of bulk forming processes. Then, some useful elementary knowledge will be summarized. Various levels of validation such as result and ability validation and assessment will be discussed. Finally, interpretation of results will be treated. In this content also some suggestions will be given.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessmechanical engineeringmetal formingfinite element methodvalidationArticleQ2Q1301C113136WOS:000235056500009