Noma-Osaghae, EtinosaMisra, SanjayAhuja, RavinKoyuncu, MuratInformation Systems EngineeringComputer Engineering2024-07-052024-07-0520222161-391510.1002/ett.45082-s2.0-85129835106https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4508https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14411/1773Koyuncu, Murat/0000-0003-1958-5945; Misra, Sanjay/0000-0002-3556-9331; Noma-Osaghae, Etinosa/0000-0003-4030-2321Background The effect of stochastic small base station (SBS) deployment on the energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) of sparse code multiple access (SCMA)-based heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs) is still mostly unknown. Aim This research study seeks to provide insight into the interaction between SE and EE in SBS sleep-mode enabled SCMA-based HCNs. Methodology A model that characterizes the energy-spectral-efficiency (ESE) of a two-tier SBS sleep-mode enabled SCMA-based HCN was derived. A multiobjective optimization problem was formulated to maximize the SE and EE of the SCMA-based HCN simultaneously. The multiobjective optimization problem was solved using a proposed weighted sum modified particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). A comparison was made between the performance of the proposed weighted sum modified PSO algorithm and the genetic algorithm (GA) and the case where the SCMA-based HCN is unoptimized. Results The Pareto-optimal front generated showed a simultaneous maximization of the SE and EE of the SCMA-based HCN at high traffic levels and a convex front that allows network operators to select the SE-EE tradeoff at low traffic levels flexibly. The proposed PSO algorithm offers a higher SBS density, and a higher SBS transmit power at high traffic levels than at low traffic levels. The unoptimized SCMA-based HCN achieves an 80% lower SE and a 51% lower EE than the proposed PSO optimized SCMA-based HCN. The optimum SE and EE achieved by the SCMA-based HCN using the proposed PSO algorithm or the GA are comparable, but the proposed PSO uses a 51.85% lower SBS density and a 35.96% lower SBS transmit power to achieve the optimal SE and EE at moderate traffic levels. Conclusion In sleep-mode enabled SCMA-based HCNs, network engineers have to decide the balance of SBS density and SBS transmit power that helps achieve the desired SE and EE.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess[No Keyword Available]ArticleQ3339WOS:0007937491000011