1955-1974 sürecinde Kıbrıs'ta istihbarat faaliyetleri
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Date
2017
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Open Access Color
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Abstract
Bu tez çalışmamda Kıbrıs adasında 1950 yılından itibaren artan huzursuzluk ortamında birden fazla tarafın birbirleri arasında yaratılan güvensizlik ortamları karşısında istihbarat faaliyetleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. 1955 yılıyla birlikte Kıbrıs Rum toplumu içerisinden çıkan EOKA örgütünün kanlı faaliyetleri karşısında başta Türk toplumu olmak üzere Adanın yönetim koltuğunda olan İngilizlerin tedhiş hareketleriyle başa çıkma çalışmalarının büyük bir bölümü olan istihbarat toplama faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir. 16 Ağustos 1960 tarihi ile birlikte Kıbrıs'ta bulunan taraflar ve bağlı oldukları ülkelerle birlikte ortak bir anlaşmaya varılmış, iki toplumlu ve eşitlikçi ilkelere dayanan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti kurulmuştur. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti anlaşmalarında ki en önemli hususlardan birisi olan EOKA tedhiş hareketi eylemlerine son vermesi gerekmekteydi. Cumhuriyetin ilanı ve yönetim mekanizmalarının kurulmasıyla Kıbrıslı Rumlar kuruluş anlaşmalarının kendilerine zorla dayatıldığını ve eşitlik ilkelerine uymadığını belirterek adeta yönetimde oyunbozanlık yaparak Kıbrıs Türk tarafını görmezden gelmeye başlamıştır. Siyasal baskılarla birlikte ada üzerinde toplumsal olayların başlamasındaki en büyük etken yönetimde bulunan Rum kökenli yöneticilerdi. Bu negatif tansiyon giderek artmakta ve 1963 yılının aralık ayında Kıbrıslı Rumlarca tarih sahnesine 'Kanlı Noel' olarak geçecek büyük bir saldırı ile etnik soykırım gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu arada Kıbrıs Türk tarafınca beklenmeyen sert bir savunma refleksi gösterilmiştir. EOKA'ya karşı Kıbrıs Türkü, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatını (TMT) yeşerterek tüm Kıbrıs üzerinde teşkilatlanmıştır. Ancak Rumlar devlet mekanizmalarını ENOSİS temelinde şekillendirmeye devam ederek 'Kanlı Noel' ile başlattıkları işe 1974 yılında yapılan Sampson darbesine kadar artarak devam etmiştir. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyetini şekillendiren Zürih ve Londra Anlaşmalarıyla garantörlük hakkı verilen Türkiye, soy birliği olan Kıbrıslı Türklere karşı artarak devam eden yoğun baskıya daha fazla seyirci kalmamış ve Barış Harekatıyla müdahale etmiştir. Tez çalışmasının I. bölümünde Kıbrıs adasının genel anlamda tarihi ile birlikte jeopolitik önemine değinilmiştir. Teorik anlamda istihbarat incelenmiş ve istihbaratın alt kolları tanımlanarak kısa bilgiler verilmiştir. 1955-1960 yılları arasında EOKA tedhiş hareketiyle birlikte Kıbrıs'ın yönetiminde bulunan İngilizlerin bu örgütün hareketlerini İstihbarat bağlamında nasıl ele aldıkları incelenmiştir. EOKA örgütünün istihbarat faaliyetleri ve yapısı değerlendirilerek, bu örgüte karşı Kıbrıs Türkleri tarafından oluşturulan Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatının istihbari ve operasyonel faaliyetleri incelenmiş, başta eğitim olmak üzere gizli harekat faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın II. Bölümünde 1960 yılı itibariyle kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyetinde oluşturulan güvenlik mekanizmaları incelenmiştir. Cumhuriyetle birlikte oluşan yönetimden soyutlanan Kıbrıs Türk toplumu kendi içerisine kapanarak federasyon faaliyetleri çerçevesinde güvenlik ve istihbaratını TMT eli ile yürüttüğü görülmüştür. Yeni devletin kurulmasıyla birlikte başta küresel dominant aktörlerin adaya istihbari anlamda ilgileri artmaya başladığı görülmüştür. Diğer ülkelerin ada üzerinde yapmış olduğu faaliyetler 1960-1974 yılları arasında incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. III. bölümde coğrafi olarak eşsiz konumda bulunan Kıbrıs'ın teknik istihbarat alt yapısı incelenmiştir. Soğuk savaş döneminin güvensizlik ortamında batı bloğunun doğu bloğu üzerinde gerçekleştirilen elektronik istihbaratın batı için nasıl bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Kıbrıs'ta bulunan Amerikan ve İngiliz istihbarat tesislerinin faaliyetleri değerlendirilmiştir.
In my thesis, I have studied intelligence activities of more than one side which were created against the insecurity environments towards each other in the environment of increasing unrest since 1950 in Cyprus island. Intelligence gathering activities which account for a large part of the efforts of the Turkish community and the British, which were keeping the administration on the Island, to tackle the bloody activities of the EOKA organization originated from the Greek Cypriot community in 1955 have been mentioned. As of 16 August 1960, an agreement has been reached with the parties in Cyprus and the countries to which they belong and the Republic of Cyprus was established on the basis of bi-communal and egalitarian principles. EOKA, one of the most important issues in the treaties of the Republic of Cyprus, had to end its terrorist activities. After the proclamation of the Republic and the establishment of the administrative mechanisms, the Greek Cypriots began to ignore the Turkish Cypriot side and spoiled the game by claiming that the contractual agreements were forcibly imposed on them and these agreements did not comply with the principles of equality. The most important factor in initiation of social events on the island along with the political pressures were the rulers of Greek origin. This tension on the Island has increased and the Greek Cypriots tried to achieve an ethnic genocide with a major attack in December 1963, which is known as 'Bloody Christmas' on the stage of history. Meanwhile, an unexpectedly harsh defense reflex was shown by the Turkish Cypriot side. Turkish Cypriots have been organized on the whole Island by burgeoning the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) against EOKA. However, the Greek Cypriots continued to shape the state mechanisms based on ENOSIS and prolonged the work they started with 'Bloody Christmas' until the Sampson coup in 1974. Turkey, which was accepted as the guarantor state with the Zurich and London Agreements forming the Republic of Cyprus, has no more been a mere spectator and has intervened with the Peace Operation. In the first section of the thesis, the geopolitical importance of Cyprus island along with its history is mentioned. Intelligence has been examined in a theoretical way and brief information has been given by defining the lower branches of intelligence. It was investigated how the British, under the administration of Cyprus during the EOKA terrorist movement between 1955 and 1960, handled these movements in the context of Intelligence. The intelligence activities and structure of the EOKA organization were evaluated and the intelligence and operational activities of the Turkish Resistance Organization formed by the Turkish Cypriots against this organization were analyzed and the secret operations and activities, particularly through education, were examined. In the second section of the thesis, the security mechanisms formed in the Republic of Cyprus, which was established in 1960, have been examined. Turkish Cypriot community, which was isolated from the administration formed with the establishment of the Republic, turned in on itself and carried out its security and intelligence activities within the scope of the federation activities with the support of TMT. With the establishment of the new state, it has been observed that globally dominant actors have increased their informative attention towards the Island. The activities of other countries on the island were examined and evaluated for 1960-1974 period. In the third section of the thesis, the technical intelligence infrastructure of Cyprus, which has a geographically unique location, has been examined. The importance attributed by the western bloc to its electronic intelligence activities on the eastern bloc in the climate of insecurity of the Cold War era has been assessed. Furthermore, the activities of American and British intelligence facilities in Cyprus have been evaluated.
In my thesis, I have studied intelligence activities of more than one side which were created against the insecurity environments towards each other in the environment of increasing unrest since 1950 in Cyprus island. Intelligence gathering activities which account for a large part of the efforts of the Turkish community and the British, which were keeping the administration on the Island, to tackle the bloody activities of the EOKA organization originated from the Greek Cypriot community in 1955 have been mentioned. As of 16 August 1960, an agreement has been reached with the parties in Cyprus and the countries to which they belong and the Republic of Cyprus was established on the basis of bi-communal and egalitarian principles. EOKA, one of the most important issues in the treaties of the Republic of Cyprus, had to end its terrorist activities. After the proclamation of the Republic and the establishment of the administrative mechanisms, the Greek Cypriots began to ignore the Turkish Cypriot side and spoiled the game by claiming that the contractual agreements were forcibly imposed on them and these agreements did not comply with the principles of equality. The most important factor in initiation of social events on the island along with the political pressures were the rulers of Greek origin. This tension on the Island has increased and the Greek Cypriots tried to achieve an ethnic genocide with a major attack in December 1963, which is known as 'Bloody Christmas' on the stage of history. Meanwhile, an unexpectedly harsh defense reflex was shown by the Turkish Cypriot side. Turkish Cypriots have been organized on the whole Island by burgeoning the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) against EOKA. However, the Greek Cypriots continued to shape the state mechanisms based on ENOSIS and prolonged the work they started with 'Bloody Christmas' until the Sampson coup in 1974. Turkey, which was accepted as the guarantor state with the Zurich and London Agreements forming the Republic of Cyprus, has no more been a mere spectator and has intervened with the Peace Operation. In the first section of the thesis, the geopolitical importance of Cyprus island along with its history is mentioned. Intelligence has been examined in a theoretical way and brief information has been given by defining the lower branches of intelligence. It was investigated how the British, under the administration of Cyprus during the EOKA terrorist movement between 1955 and 1960, handled these movements in the context of Intelligence. The intelligence activities and structure of the EOKA organization were evaluated and the intelligence and operational activities of the Turkish Resistance Organization formed by the Turkish Cypriots against this organization were analyzed and the secret operations and activities, particularly through education, were examined. In the second section of the thesis, the security mechanisms formed in the Republic of Cyprus, which was established in 1960, have been examined. Turkish Cypriot community, which was isolated from the administration formed with the establishment of the Republic, turned in on itself and carried out its security and intelligence activities within the scope of the federation activities with the support of TMT. With the establishment of the new state, it has been observed that globally dominant actors have increased their informative attention towards the Island. The activities of other countries on the island were examined and evaluated for 1960-1974 period. In the third section of the thesis, the technical intelligence infrastructure of Cyprus, which has a geographically unique location, has been examined. The importance attributed by the western bloc to its electronic intelligence activities on the eastern bloc in the climate of insecurity of the Cold War era has been assessed. Furthermore, the activities of American and British intelligence facilities in Cyprus have been evaluated.
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Keywords
Kamu Yönetimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Public Administration, Kıbrıs, International Relations, Kıbrıs Savaşı, United States of America, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı, Cyprus, Cyprus War, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, National Intelligence Agency, İngiltere, Turkish Resistance Organization, England, İstihbarat, Intelligence
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