A note on CO₂ emissions using two new tests

Abstract

Recent research suggests that policies implementing structural change are required to alter the paths of carbon dioxide emissions in many nations. This note provides additional support for this view, allowing for smooth shifts in the deterministic part of the stochastic process. A Fourier wavelet unit root test indicates that in many countries, a temporary shock to emissions will have a permanent impact, whereas tests that examine fractional integration around a smooth break with de-trending indicate that a shock to emissions will have a transitory impact. Policies that induce structural changes are required to place emissions on a downward path.