Techno-Economic assessment of PV, wind, and geothermal energy hybrid system for green hydrogen production: A case study in Denizli, Türkiye

Abstract

This study presents a scenario-based techno-economic assessment of grid-connected green hydrogen production in Denizli, Türkiye using a hybrid renewable energy system integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and geothermal power plant (GP) with a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL). A demand-driven electrolyzer sizing approach is adopted, and four configurations (PV–WT–GP, PV–GP, WT–GP, and PV–WT) are evaluated under three hydrogen production levels (750, 1000, and 1500 kg/day), resulting in twelve scenarios. An energy balance model simulates operation and grid interaction, while techno-economic performance is evaluated via net LCOH. LCOH ranges from 8.8 to 18.8 €/kg H2, lowest for PV–WT–GP at low output. Higher capacity increases dependence on grid and costs, indicating diseconomies of scale. Sensitivity analysis shows electricity import/export prices strongly affect LCOH, especially at larger scales, highlighting the role of hybrid design and geothermal integration. © 2026 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.