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Browsing by Author "Kara, Ali"

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    Master Thesis
    77 Ghz Radar Sistemleri için Mikroşerit Anten Tasarımı ve Analizi
    (2023) Yılmaz, Selen; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali
    Bu tez, 77 GHz otomobil radarı için seri beslemeli mikroşerit yama dizi antenin tasarımı ve operasyonel davranışına yönelik kapsamlı araştırmasını takdim etmektedir. Öncelikli olarak, mikroşerit anten, yama dizi anten, frekans taramalı dizi anten ve Chebyshev dizi anten teorisi hakkında teorik altyapı bilgisi temin edilmiştir. Antenleri tasarlamak ve boyutlarını hassas bir şekilde ayarlamak için sonlu eleman metoduna dayalı tam dalga simülasyon aracı kullanılmıştır. İlk aşamada, 76.5 GHz rezonans frekansında çalışan seri beslemeli doğrusal Chebyshev dizi anten bir verici kanalını temsil etmesi üzerine tasarlanmıştır. Kazancı geliştirmek için toprak-sinyal-toprak geçiş yapısında kullanılmak üzere kısa devre pinlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Pinsiz ve pinli tasarımların bant genişliği ve kazanç bakımından karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmıştır. Son aşamada, 76.5 GHz doğrusal dizi yama anten 79 GHz doğrusal dizi yama antene GSG geçiş yapısı boyutları optimize edilerek ve her bitişik iki yama elemanı arasındaki aralıklandırma ve yama elemanı uzunlukları ölçeklenerek dönüştürülmüştür. Ölçeklendirme yönteminin etkisini değerlendirebilmek adına bu aşamada iki tasarım sunulmuştur. Bu iki dizi yama anten tasarımının operasyonel özelliklerinin ana kulak yönlendirilme açısı, empedans bant genişliği, total kazanç ve yan kulak baskılanması bakımından karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılmıştır.
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    Master Thesis
    77-ghz Otomotiv Radarı ile Çeşitli Nesnelerin Radar Kesit Alanı Ölçümü ve Radar Kesit Alanı Simülasyon Araçlarının Değerlendirilmesi
    (2022) Sezgin, Deniz; Aydın, Elif; Kara, Ali
    Bu tezde, RCS tahmini için en yaygın olarak kullanılan 2 adet elektromanyetik hesaplama yöntemi açıklanmakta ve karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu karşılaştırmada yer alan yöntemler, yüzey integral denklemlerinin MoM çözümlemesi ile birlikte EFIE ve hibrit bir metod olup PO ve GO birleşimi ile ortaya çıkan SBR yöntemleridir. Öncelikle klasik elektromanyetik teorisi ve RCS hakkında temel bilgiler ve aralarındaki bağlantı sunulmuştur. Daha sonra, bahsedilen karşılaştırmanın teorik bilgi içermesi sebebi ile SBR ve IE yöntemleri için teorik kavramlar da sunulmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin deneysel sonuçlar yoluyla da birbirleriyle karşılaştırılabilmesi için yapılan ölçümlerde üç hedef cisim kullanılmıştır. Ölçümler bir 77-81 GHz COTS FMCW radar sistemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçümler doğrultusunda, iki farklı ticari araç kullanılarak hem SBR hem de EFIE yöntemleri ile 77 GHz'de simülasyonlar yapılmıştır. Ölçüm ve simülasyon sonuçları arasında iyi bir uyum gözlemlenmekle beraber çeşitli şartlara bağlı olarak her iki yöntemin de kendilerine göre avantajları olduğu görülmektedir.
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    Master Thesis
    900 Mhz'de Yere Yakın Antenlerle Deneysel Radyo Yayılımıçalışması
    (2020) Bilgiç, Burcu; Kara, Ali; Aydın, Elif
    Bu çalışmanın amacı, dış ortamdaki radyo sinyal yayılımını deneysel sonuçlara göre analiz etmektir. Bu tez, Ankara'nın çevresindeki kırsal ve banliyö ortamlardan alınan deneysel verileri içermektedir. Beş farklı sahadaki GHz altı yol kaybı deneyleri gösterilmiştir. Yol kaybı ölçümleri farklı alıcı ve verici anten yüksekliklerinde yapılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, açık ve kapalı görüş sahalarındaki deneysel çalışmalardan elde edilen eğri uydurma yöntemleri sunulmuştur. Bu araştırma, farklı dış ortamlardaki linklerde kablosuz cihazların etkin kullanımını açıklamıştır. Bu tez, farklı anten yükseklikleri ve farklı arazi çeşitlerinde, yol kayıplarını modellemek ve yeni formüller oluşturmak için eğri uydurma yöntemiyle kataloglama sistemi oluşturmayı sağlamıştır. Hem anten yüksekliği etkisi hem arazi yapısının yol kaybına etkisi yeni modellerle sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, literatürde yer alan modellerle oluşturulan yeni model karşılaştırılmıştır.
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    Article
    A WEB BASED TRAINING MODULE FOR TEACHING DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
    (2015) Kara, Ali; Erdem, Cihangir; Özbek, Mehmet Efe; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Aydın, Elif
    An interactive module which simulates a digital transmission link from one end to the other has been designed. Using the module, a user may enter a short audio/message signal using microphone of a PC, and then follows processes on the signal at each stage of the digital transmission link. The user can also analyze the signal at every stage of the link, and compare the performance of various modulation schemes used in the link, and finally may see how the audio signal is corrupted by noise in the transmission link. In this way, from source point to destination point of the signal, the user may study various stages such as analog to digital conversion, analysis of effects of Gaussian noise on the message signal.
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    Article
    Citation - WoS: 55
    Citation - Scopus: 70
    Assessment of Features and Classifiers for Bluetooth Rf Fingerprinting
    (Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2019) Ali, Aysha M.; Uzundurukan, Emre; Kara, Ali
    Recently, network security has become a major challenge in communication networks. Most wireless networks are exposed to some penetrative attacks such as signal interception, spoofing, and stray. Radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting is considered to be a promising solution for network security problems and has been applied with various improvements. In this paper, extensive data from Bluetooth (BT) devices are utilized in RF fingerprinting implementation. Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) has been used, for the first time, for RF fingerprinting of Bluetooth (BT) device identification. In this way, time-frequency-energy distributions (TFED) are utilized. By means of the signals' energy envelopes, the transient signals are detected with some improvements. Thirteen features are extracted from the signals' transients along with their TFEDs. The extracted features are pre-processed to evaluate their usability. The implementation of three different classifiers to the extracted features is provided for the first time in this paper. A comparative analysis based on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, the associated areas under curves (AUC), and confusion matrix are obtained to visualize the performance of the applied classifiers. In doing this, different levels of signal to noise ratio (SNR) levels are used to evaluate the robustness of the extracted features and the classifier performances. The classification performance demonstrates the feasibility of the method. The results of this paper may help readers assess the usability of RF fingerprinting for BT signals at the physical layer security of wireless networks.
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    Master Thesis
    Bazı Modülasyon Türlerinin Sınıflandırılmasında Yüksek Mertebeden İstatistiksel Özelliklerin Performans Analizi
    (2020) Tezel, Remziye Büşra; Kara, Ali
    Modülasyon Sınıflandırma algoritmaları, alıcıda elde edilen sinyalin modülasyon tipini belirlemek ve uygun demodulator seçimi için kullanılır. Özellik tabanlı ve Olabilirlik tabanlı olmak üzere 2 tür vardır. Bu tezde yapı olarak daha az karmaşık olan FB yöntemi kullanılmıştır. 12 Analog ve Dijital Modülasyon tipli sinyalleri sınıflandırmak için algoritma geliştirilmiştir. İstatistiksel özellikler, Yüksek Dereceli Momentler ve Yüksek Dereceli Kümülantlar kullanılmıştır. Havadan kaydedilen ve sentetik simüle kanal etkileri eklenen sinyaller Lineer, Kuadratik ve Kübik Destek Vektör Makinesi (DVM) ile sınıflandırıldı. SNR'de 0 dB ile 20 dB arasında incelenen sinyallerin sınıflandırma performansı sunulmuştur. Performansın 10 dB ve 20 dB arasında kararlı olduğu ve yaklaşık %73, en yüksek performansın ise Karesel SVM'de 12dB'de % 75.5 olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu tezde, geliştirilen algoritmasının sınırları, 12 modülasyon tipinin özellikleri ve SVM yapısı ile başarılı bir şekilde sunulmuştur.
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    Master Thesis
    C Band Modular Fmcw Radar Menzil Hatasının Analiz ve Nicelenmesi
    (2017) Abdulrazıgh, Mahfoud Y. A.; Kara, Ali
    Bu tez çalışması, C bant FMCW radarın menzil doğruluğuna yönelik deneysel analiz sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. FMCW radar, frekans modülasyonu kullanan bir radar tipidir. FMCW radar hem menzil hem de hız ölçümü yapabilmektedir. Modular bir FMCW radar tasarımındaki zorluklardan birisi, güç ve düşük gürültü yükselteçleri, antenler ile kablolar gibi bileşenlerden kaynaklanan zaman gecikmeleri sebebiyle ortaya çıkan hatalardır. Ölçüm aleti gecikmeleri olarak isimlendirilecek bu tip gecikmeler, menzil ölçümünde hesaba katılmaktadır. Bu zaman gecikmeleri, ölçülen çarpma(vuru) frekansında sabit bir kayma olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buda menzil ölçümünde birçok değişken olmayan 'kayma' olarak adlandırılır. Laboratuvar ortamında geliştirilen modular bir FMCW radarda, zaman gecikmeleri sebebiyle ortaya çıkan menzil hatası deneysel olarak irdelenmekte ve nicelendirilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, S band FMCW radar ile 9m'lik bir menzil içerisinde yapılan ölçümlerde, ortalama 11cm civarında menzil hatası başarımı sağlanabilmiştir.
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    Article
    A Case Study on the Assessment of Rf Switch and Splitter Options for Coupling of Transceiver Modules To Bidirectional Antennas Employed in Linear Wireless Sensor Networks
    (Wiley, 2021) Dalveren, Yaser; Durukan, Ahmet Mert; Kara, Ali
    Recently, a concept of linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs) has attracted much attention. For such networks, one of the key challenges in sensor node design is to couple transceiver modules with bidirectional antennas placed back-to-back for opposite radiation. As is known, simply, this can be achieved by using well-known coupling options like radio frequency (RF) switch or splitter. However, it is important to decide between two seemingly equally good options according to the system requirements such as RF performance, power consumption, and cost. Therefore, this study aims to comparatively assess these options from the system level point of view to find out what advantages or disadvantages either provides as per the other from widespread use of them in a LWSN-based cathodic protection monitoring of oil and natural gas pipelines in extreme environments. Preliminary field tests are also conducted to validate the efficiency of coupling options for LWSN links. Results show that RF splitter offers low power consumption and cost whereas RF switch has advantages of low loss. Thus, it is believed that this study may provide useful insights to design bidirectional sensor links for LWSNs.
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    Conference Object
    Citation - WoS: 1
    Characterization of Satellite Transponder Impairments Based on Simulations with Test Data
    (Ieee, 2015) Ulubey, Orhan; Gulgonul, Senol; Kara, Ali
    A satellite transponder simulator based on actual test data of TURKSAT 3A satellite has been developed to analyze degradation in multicarrier scenarios. Communication impairment sources through a transponder are explained in conjunction with a methodology defined to characterize total degradation resulting from them. Several transponder utilization scenarios are studied with respect to total degradation and optimum operation conditions are demonstrated.
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    Master Thesis
    Çift Bantlı Küçük Yarık Anten Tasarımı
    (2017) Bubraıg, Mabroka; Aydın, Elif; Kara, Ali
    Haberleşmede, genellikle mikroşerit anten, bir antenin metal tabakaya eklenmiş alt malzemenin arka tarafı toprak düzlemi olan baskı devre üzerine mikroşerit yöntemler kullanarak üretilmesi demektir. Mikroşerit antenlerin büyük bir kısmı mikrodalga frekanslarında kullanılmaktadır. Mikroşerit antenler, uçak, füze ve ticari ürünlerin yüzeyleriyle birleştirilebilen ince düzlemsel profillerinden, baskı devre teknikleri kullanarak üretilmesinin basitliği, devrenin diğer elemanlarıyla aynı devre kartına basılması ve mikrodalga tümleşik devreler gibi aktif elemanlar eklenerek aktif antenler elde etme imkanından dolayı son yıllarda ilgi oldukça çok artmıştır. Antenler, mobil haberleşme, uydu, internet servisi, taşıt ve radarlar gibi farklı alanlarda çok geniş uygulama alanını kapsar. Bu tezde, küçük boyutlu ve iyi sonuçlar veren çift bantlı küçük yarık anten benzetimi yapıldı ve üretildi. Antenin tasarım parametreleri için iletim hattı modeli ve benzetim için de HFSS elektromagnetik yazılım program kullanıldı.
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    Master Thesis
    Çizgisel Yayılan Ağaç Kablosuz Ağda Eşzamanlama Üzerine Deneysel Bir Çalışma
    (2018) Erpay, Ahmet; Kara, Ali
    Bu çalışmada, çizgisel yayılan kablosuz algılayıcı ağda eşzamanlama çalışılmaktadır. PIC tabanlı bir platform üzerine metot uygulanırken eşzamanlama ve eşzamanlama üzerindeki sıcaklık etkileri odak alınmıştır. Açıkhava deneyleri sıcaklık değişimleri ile birleştirilip, olası engelleri bertaraf etmek için kablosuz algılayıcı ağın performansını takip hedef olarak seçilmiştir.
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    Article
    Comparative Assessment and Performance Analysis of Interference Mitigation Techniques for Co-Existent Non-Geostationary and Geostationary Satellites
    (Wiley, 2024) Ozturk, Faik; Aydin, Elif; Kara, Ali
    In recent years, technological developments with user demands, reduced production, and launch costs have rapidly increased the number of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in space. Since LEO satellites use the same frequency band as existing Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, the interference coordination between the two satellite networks is vital. In order to minimize the co-existent interference between these satellite networks, studies perform on different interference mitigation strategies. In this paper, analysis and comparative assessment of these interference mitigation techniques are presented for the co-existent Non-Geostationary Earth (NGEO) and GEO systems. More specifically, power control (PC) and spatial isolation-based link adaptation (SILA) techniques are studied comparatively for the performance evaluation. It is shown that the communication link bandwidth is more efficiently utilized in the SILA technique when compared with the PC technique. Moreover, the multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) approach in the SILA technique is demonstrated to be more effective when compared with the single-objective optimization problem (SOP) approach used in the PC technique as the simultaneous prioritizing objective functions outperforms single prioritization. Finally, it is shown that when the PC technique is applied together with the SILA technique, the exclusive angle (EA) can be reduced up to 8% for 100 Mbps, and 8.5% for 200 Mbps transmission bit rates in different operational scenarios. The presented performance evaluation in this paper may help the satellite operator or decision-maker gain insights on which mitigation technique can be used in the case of a co-existent interference. This paper proposes analysis and comparative assessment of interference mitigation techniques for the co-existent Non-Geostationary Earth (NGEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) systems. Spatial isolation-based link adaptation (SILA) and power control (PC) techniques are studied comparatively for the performance evaluation. The obtained optimization results show that the communication link bandwidth is more efficiently utilized in the SILA technique when compared with the PC technique because of the simultaneous prioritizing of objective functions. image
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    Article
    Citation - WoS: 6
    Citation - Scopus: 9
    Comparative Assessment of Electromagnetic Simulation Tools for Use in Microstrip Antenna Design: Experimental Demonstrations
    (Wiley, 2019) Bilgin, Gulsima; Yilmaz, Vadi Su; Kara, Ali; Aydin, Elif
    This paper presents a better understanding of the use of finite integration techniques (FIT) and finite element method (FEM) in different types of microstrip antennas in order to determine which numerical method gives relatively more accurate results. Although the theoretical formulation based on Maxwell's equations of both FEM and FIT are approached from different aspects in the literature, there is still a lack of comparison of the same antenna type using different numerical methods employing FEM and FIT. Therefore, in this study, FEM and FIT were applied to two different types of microstrip antennas, and their simulation and experimental results was compared. For the first antenna demonstration, a multilayer structure was chosen to achieve one of the significant parameters. Then, a microstrip antenna with a compact structure was used in the second demonstration. Using these two antennas, the accuracy of FEM and FIT in different structures were compared and all simulated return loss and gain results were verified by the measured results. The experimental demonstrations show that FEM performs better for both types of microstrip antennas while FIT provides an adequate result for two-layer microstrip antennas.
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    Data Paper
    Citation - WoS: 42
    Citation - Scopus: 62
    A Database for the Radio Frequency Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Devices
    (Mdpi, 2020) Uzundurukan, Emre; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali
    Radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) is a promising physical layer protection technique which can be used to defend wireless networks from malicious attacks. It is based on the use of the distinctive features of the physical waveforms (signals) transmitted from wireless devices in order to classify authorized users. The most important requirement to develop an RFF method is the existence of a precise, robust, and extensive database of the emitted signals. In this context, this paper introduces a database consisting of Bluetooth (BT) signals collected at different sampling rates from 27 different smartphones (six manufacturers with several models for each). Firstly, the data acquisition system to create the database is described in detail. Then, the two well-known methods based on transient BT signals are experimentally tested by using the provided data to check their solidity. The results show that the created database may be useful for many researchers working on the development of the RFF of BT devices.
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    Article
    Citation - WoS: 14
    Citation - Scopus: 26
    Deep Learning-Based Vehicle Classification for Low Quality Images
    (Mdpi, 2022) Tas, Sumeyra; Sari, Ozgen; Dalveren, Yaser; Pazar, Senol; Kara, Ali; Derawi, Mohammad
    This study proposes a simple convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for vehicle classification in low resolution surveillance images collected by a standard security camera installed distant from a traffic scene. In order to evaluate its effectiveness, the proposed model is tested on a new dataset containing tiny (100 x 100 pixels) and low resolution (96 dpi) vehicle images. The proposed model is then compared with well-known VGG16-based CNN models in terms of accuracy and complexity. Results indicate that although the well-known models provide higher accuracy, the proposed method offers an acceptable accuracy (92.9%) as well as a simple and lightweight solution for vehicle classification in low quality images. Thus, it is believed that this study might provide useful perception and understanding for further research on the use of standard low-cost cameras to enhance the ability of the intelligent systems such as intelligent transportation system applications.
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    Conference Object
    Citation - WoS: 2
    Citation - Scopus: 3
    Design Considerations for Sub-Ghz Multilayer Microstrip Antenna for Near Ground Communication Links in Rural Areas
    (Ieee, 2017) Bilgin, Gulsima; Yilmaz, Vadi Su; Aydin, Elif; Kara, Ali; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Electrical-Electronics Engineering
    This paper presents some preliminary results of design and development of sub-GHz multilayer microstip antenna for use in near ground communication applications. In design stage of the antenna, iterative approach was applied. Firstly, a two layer microstrip antenna design process is presented. Next, the corners of the patch were cut, and a vertical wall on all sides of the antenna were introduced. In this way, both the size and resonant freqeuncy can be tuned. Moreover, as an application specific requirement, it is intended to embed this antenna into a metal box in order to protect it from man-made and natural environmental effects. This was also studied, and effects of the embedding ground on the antenna characteristics were examined. It is shown that the designed antenna provides -27dB resturn loss, and 7.3dB peak gain at 915MHz with the dimension of 150x200x13mm. Some preliminary measurements have proven the simulations.
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    Conference Object
    Citation - WoS: 1
    Design of a Scenario-Based Synthetic Mixed Pulse Generator
    (Ieee, 2013) Gencol, Kenan; Kara, Ali; At, Nuray
    Electronic Support Measures (ESM) plays an important role in modern Electronic Warfare (EW) systems. The main purpose of an ESM system is to intercept as many emissions as it can, and then to deinterleave mixed streams of pulses that are interleaved in natural time of arrival order, and thus to identify surrounding emissions. In real life, such systems may encounter with a continuous stream of pulses accompanied by many imperfections, and it should work on real-time basis. In order to handle such circumstances and to develop better deinterleaving algorithms, a simulation tool is needed. In this study, design of a scenario-based mixed pulse generator (simulator) is presented.
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    Conference Object
    Design of Low-Cost Modular Rf Front End for Rf Fingerprinting of Bluetooth Signals
    (Ieee, 2017) Uzundurukan, Emre; Ali, Aysha M.; Kara, Ali
    For RF fingerprinting of wireless devices, data acquisition has a critical role. Because of this, highly sophisticated devices arc used for data capturing or acquisition. In this paper, design of a RF receiver front end with modular components is presented. This design contains filtering and down conversion processing of Bluetooth signals for cellular phones. Moreover, AWR VSS and MATLAB have been used for simulating the down converter circuit. With this simulation, effects of components that used in the design on recorded signal have been observed. In this work in progress paper, only high SNR conditions are considered.
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    Conference Object
    Citation - Scopus: 1
    Development of a Digital Communications Course Enriched by Virtual and Remote Laboratory Tools
    (2011) Kara,A.; Kara, Ali; Cagiltay,N.; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Dalveren,Y.; Dalveren, Yaser; Kara, Ali; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Dalveren, Yaser; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Software Engineering; Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering; Software Engineering
    Digital communications is a basic concept for rapidly growing fields of Electrical, Computer and Electronics Engineering like wireless and mobile communication systems, radar and electronic warfare, telemetry and many signal processing techniques. A re-designed digital communications course with ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) based diverse tools including matlab assignments, remote experiments and interactive simulators is described in this study. First, the objectives of the course, learning outcomes and evaluation methods are described. The re-designed course is offered in the last semester at Atilim University, and performance increase in students is compared with the previous year's offering, and by evaluating the course on a topic-based approach. © 2011 IEEE.
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    Article
    Distance Laboratory Applications ERRL: A Study on Radio Communication in Electronic Field
    (IEEE, 2008) Aydın, Cansu Çiğdem; Özyurt, E.; Aydın, Elif; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Özbek, Mehmet Efe; Alparslan, Ceren; Kara, Ali
    In the last decade, the effect of internet usage in education is gradually increased. When we look from academic perspective, the new technologies provided alternatives for students learning. As distance education becomes important everyday, the indispensable elements of teaching and education, laboratories must be reachable via remote connection. Consequently, the education that is going to be given to the students will be more flexible with respect to place and time constraints and students can reach laboratory facilities at any time and anywhere not only in lectures and practical hours. In this study, European Remote Radio Laboratory (ERRL) which is a distance remote Radio Frequency (RF) laboratory designed for electrical-electronics students, is described generally. The software architecture, infrastructure and experiment that can be done with a remote connection have been described.
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